Fludrocortisone
Mineralocorticoid hormone medication From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mineralocorticoid hormone medication From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fludrocortisone, sold under the brand name Florinef, among others, is a corticosteroid used to treat adrenogenital syndrome, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency.[1][2][3] In adrenal insufficiency, it is generally taken together with hydrocortisone.[3] Fludrocortisone is taken by mouth[3] and is most commonly used in its acetate form.[4]
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| Trade names | Astonin, Astonin-H, others |
| Other names | StC-1400; 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone; 9α-Fluorocortisol; 9α-Fluoro-17α-hydroxycorticosterone; 9α-Fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid |
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| Protein binding | High |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 3.5 hours |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.395 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C21H29FO5 |
| Molar mass | 380.456 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Cortineff, Florinef, Florinefe, Fludrocortison, others |
| Other names | Fluorohydrocortisone acetate; 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone 21-acetate; 9α-Fluoro-17α-hydroxycorticosterone 21-acetate; 9α-Fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 21-acetate |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Liver |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.395 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H31FO6 |
| Molar mass | 422.493 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 260 to 262 °C (500 to 504 °F) (dec.) |
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Common side effects of fludrocortisone include high blood pressure, swelling, heart failure, and low blood potassium.[3] Other serious side effects can include low immune-system function, cataracts, muscle weakness, and mood changes.[3] Whether use of fludrocortisone during pregnancy is safe for the fetus is unknown.[5] Fludrocortisone is mostly a mineralocorticoid, but it also has glucocorticoid effects.[3]
Fludrocortisone was patented in 1953.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7]
Fludrocortisone has been used in the treatment of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome.[8] It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's disease and the classic salt-wasting (21-hydroxylase deficiency) form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Due to its effects on increasing Na+ levels, and therefore blood volume, fludrocortisone is the first-line of treatment for orthostatic intolerance, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).[9] It can be used to treat low blood pressure.[10]
Fludrocortisone is also a confirmation test for diagnosing Conn's syndrome (aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma), the fludrocortisone suppression test. Loading the patient with fludrocortisone would suppress serum aldosterone level in a normal patient, whereas the level would remain elevated in a Conn's patient. The fludrocortisone suppression test is an alternative to the NaCl challenge (which would use normal saline or salt tablets).[medical citation needed]
Use of fludrocortisone can lead to one or more of the following side effects:[11]
Fludrocortisone is a corticosteroid and acts as a powerful mineralocorticoid, along with some additional but comparatively very weak glucocorticoid activity.[12] Relative to cortisol, it is said to have 10 times the glucocorticoid potency but 250 to 800 times the mineralocorticoid potency.[12][13] Fludrocortisone acetate is a prodrug of fludrocortisone, which is the active form of the drug.[14]
Plasma renin, sodium, and potassium are checked through blood tests to verify that the correct dosage is reached.[medical citation needed]
Fludrocortisone, also known as 9α-fluorocortisol (9α-fluorohydrocortisone) or as 9α-fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a halogenated derivative of cortisol (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione).[1][2] Specifically, it is a modification of cortisol with a fluorine atom substituted in place of one hydrogen atom at the C9α position.[1][2] Fluorine is a good bioisostere for hydrogen because it is similar in size, with the major difference being in its electronegativity. The acetate form of fludrocortisone, fludrocortisone acetate, is the C21 acetate ester of fludrocortisone,[1][2] and is hydrolyzed into fludrocortisone in the body.[14]
Fludrocortisone was described in the literature in 1953[15] and was introduced for medical use (as the acetate ester) in 1954.[13][16] It was the first synthetic corticosteroid to be marketed, and followed the introduction of cortisone in 1948 and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in 1951.[15][17] Fludrocortisone was also the first fluorine-containing pharmaceutical drug to be marketed.[18]
Fludrocortisone is the generic name of fludrocortisone and its INN, USAN, BAN, DCF, and DCIT, whereas fludrocortisone acetate is the generic name of fludrocortisone acetate and its USP, BANM and JAN.[1][2][19]
Fludrocortisone is marketed mainly under the brand names Astonin and Astonin-H, whereas the more widely used fludrocortisone acetate is sold mainly as Florinef, but also under several other brand names including Cortineff, Florinefe, and Fludrocortison.[2][19]
Fludrocortisone is marketed in Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, and Spain, whereas fludrocortisone acetate is more widely available throughout the world and is marketed in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, various other European countries, Australia, Japan, China, Brazil, and many other countries.[2][19]
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