Float (project management)

In project management, float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to:^[1]: 183

• subsequent tasks ("free float")
• project completion date ("total float").

Total float is associated with the path.^{[2]: 508 [1]: 183} If a project network chart/diagram has 4 non-critical paths, then that project would have 4 total float values. The total float of a path is the combined free float values of all activities in a path.

The total float represents the schedule flexibility and can also be measured by subtracting early start dates from late start dates of path completion.^{[3][2]: 502 [1]: 183} Float is core to critical path method, with the total floats of noncritical activities key to computing the critical path drag of an activity, i.e., the amount of time it is adding to the project's duration.^[4]

Example

Consider the process of replacing a broken pane of glass in the window of your home. There are various component activities involved in the project as a whole; obtaining the glass and putty, installing the new glass, choosing the paint, obtaining a tin once it has set, wiping the new glass free of finger smears etc.

Some of these activities can run concurrently e.g. obtaining the glass, obtaining the putty, choosing the paint etc., while others are consecutive e.g. the paint cannot be bought until it has been chosen, the new window cannot be painted until the window is installed and the new putty has set. Delaying the acquisition of the glass is likely to delay the entire project - this activity will be on the critical path and have no float, of any sort, attached to it and hence it is a 'critical activity'. A relatively short delay in the purchase of the paint may not automatically hold up the entire project as there is still some waiting time for the new putty to dry before it can be painted anyway - there will be some 'free float' attached to the activity of purchasing the paint and hence it is not a critical activity. However, a delay in choosing the paint, in turn, inevitably delays buying the paint which, although it may not subsequently mean any delay to the entire project, does mean that choosing the paint has no 'free float' attached to it - despite having no free float of its own, the choosing of the paint is involved with a path through the network which does have 'total float'.

See also

• Critical path method
• Glossary of project management
• List of project management topics

References

1. Sanghera, Paul (2019). PMP in Depth (Third ed.). Apress. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-3910-0. ISBN 978-1-4842-3910-0.
2. Kerzner 2009.
3. Project Management Institute. A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). Project Management Institute, 4 Original edition (December 31, 2008).
4. • Stephen A. Devaux (Jan 2012). "The Drag Efficient: The Missing Quantification of Time on the Critical Path" (PDF). Defense AT&L Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-13.

Further reading

• AACE International (August 2007). "Cost Engineering Terminology, AACE International Recommended Practice No. 10S-90" (PDF). www.aacei.org.
• Kerzner, Harold (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (10th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-27870-3.
• Sanghera, Paul (2019). PMP in Depth (Third ed.). Apress. doi:10.1007/978-1-4842-3910-0. ISBN 978-1-4842-3910-0.