Fissurina

For the Foraminifer genus, see Fissurina (foram).

Fissurina is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 160 species,^[2] most of which are found in tropical regions.

Fissurina
Fissurina subcontexta
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Graphidales
Family:	Graphidaceae
Genus:	Fissurina Feé (1825)
Synonyms[1]
Oxystoma Eschw. (1824) Aulacographa Leight. (1854) Diplolabia A.Massal. (1854) Dyplolabia A.Massal. (1854) Diplographis Kremp. ex A.Massal. (1860) Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue (1891) Digraphis Clem. (1909) Graphidomyces E.A.Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the French botanist Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in an 1825 publication.^[3] Some later authors preferred to use the name Fissurina to describe infrageneric (i.e., below genus level) groups of the genus Graphis, such as Edvard Vainio in 1921 who used it as a subgenus,^[4] and Alexander Zahlbruckner (1923)^[5] and Karl Redinger (1935),^[6] who used the name for sections.

Fissurina is in the family Graphidaceae.^[7] In 2018,^[8] Kraichak and colleagues, using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks, proposed placing Fissurina as the type genus of Fissurinaceae, a family originally proposed by Brendan P. Hodkinson in 2012.^[9] This taxonomic proposal was rejected by Robert Lücking in a critical 2019 review of the temporal method for the classification of lichen-forming fungi, using this specific example to highlight several drawbacks of this approach.^[10]

Description

Fissurina is characterized by fissurine ascocarps (i.e., having a fissured or slit-like disc), poorly developed and non-carbonized or weakly carbonized exciples, and 1-8 spored asci that make thick-walled, trans-septate or muriform hyaline ascospores often with a halo. Acanthothecis is a similar genus with warty paraphyses and periphysoids but can be differentiated from Fissurina by the cylindrical spore locules without a thick jelly-like spore wall. Graphis differs from Fissurina by its carbonized, well-developed exciple (labia) and ascospores without a halo.^[11]

Species

Fissurina alligatorensis

Fissurina cypressi

Fissurina insidiosa

• Fissurina abdita (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina adscribens (Nyl.) Z.F.Jia & Lücking (2017)
• Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina albocinerea (Vain.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina albolabiata Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)^[14] – Florida
• Fissurina albonitens (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina alligatorensis Lendemer & R.C.Harris (2013)^[15]
• Fissurina amazonica M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)^[16] – Brazil
• Fissurina americana Lendemer & R.C. Harris (2013)^[15]
• Fissurina amyloidea M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)
• Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina andamanensis B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina aperta Herrera-Camp., Barcenas-Peña & Lücking (2019)
• Fissurina astroisidiata Herrera-Camp. & Lücking (2011)
• Fissurina atlantica T.A.Pereira, M.Cáceres & Lücking (2018)^[17] – Brazil
• Fissurina aurantiacolirellata Papong, Lücking & Kraichak (2014)
• Fissurina aurantiacostellata Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)
• Fissurina baishanzuensis Kalb & Z.F.Jia (2014)
• Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M.Nakan., Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2011)
• Fissurina bullata Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch (2014)
• Fissurina capsulata Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina carassensis Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2015)
• Fissurina chapsoides Sipman (2014)
• Fissurina chrysocarpa M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)^[16] – Brazil
• Fissurina chrysocarpoides (Vain.) Lücking (2014)
• Fissurina cinereodisca Altamirano, Colín & N. Sánchez (2019)
• Fissurina cingalina (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina coarctata Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina columbina (Tuck.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina comparilis (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
• Fissurina comparimuralis Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina crystallifera Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)
• Fissurina cypressi (Müll.Arg.) Lendemer (2007)
• Fissurina disposita B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina dumastii Fée (1825)
• Fissurina dumastioides (Fink) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina duplicans M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)
• Fissurina duplomarginata Weerakoon & Lücking (2015)^[19] – Singapore
• Fissurina elaiocarpa (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina elixii (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina evanida (Vain.) Staiger & Kalb (2004)
• Fissurina flavicans (Kashiw.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)
• Fissurina flavomedullosa Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)^[20] – Peru
• Fissurina fujisanensis (Kashiw. & M.Nakan.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)
• Fissurina furfuracea (Leight.) A.W.Archer (2007)
• Fissurina fuscoalba Papong, Lücking & Kraichak (2014)
• Fissurina gigas Sipman (2014)
• Fissurina glauca Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina globulifica (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina hemithecioides S.Joshi, Upreti & Hur (2015)^[21] – Vietnam
• Fissurina homichlodes (Redinger) Luch & Lücking (2018)
• Fissurina howeana (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina humilis (Vain.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina ilicicola Lendemer & R.C.Harris (2014)^[15]
• Fissurina illiterata (R.C.Harris) Lendemer (2008)
• Fissurina immersa B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina inabensis (Vain.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)
• Fissurina incisura Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)^[14]
• Fissurina indica B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina insidiosa C.Knight & Mitt. (1860)^[22]
• Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata (2011)
• Fissurina isidiata Z.F.Jia (2013)
• Fissurina isohypocrellina Aptroot (2022)^[23] – Brazil
• Fissurina jaliscoensis Herrera-Camp., Barcenas-Peña & Lücking (2019)
• Fissurina karnatakensis Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina khasiana Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina linoana Lücking, B.Moncada & G.Rodr. (2018)
• Fissurina longiisidiata Aptroot (2014)
• Fissurina longiramea Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina lumbschiana Weerakoon, Jayalal & Lücking (2015)
• Fissurina macrospora M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)
• Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina microcarpa B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina micromma (Zahlbr.) Aptroot (2004)
• Fissurina monilifera Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)
• Fissurina nicobarensis B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina nigrolabiata Rivas Plata, Bawingan & Lücking (2011)
• Fissurina niveoalba Poengs. & Kalb (2014)^[24] – Thailand
• Fissurina paradoxica (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina parvicarpa (Makhija & Adaw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2020)
• Fissurina phuluangii Poengs. & Kalb (2014)^[24] – Thailand
• Fissurina platythecioides Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)^[20] – Peru
• Fissurina praetermissa A.W.Archer & Elix (2007)
• Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina psoromica (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina redingerioides Lücking, J.E.Hern. & Kalb (2012)
• Fissurina reticulata R.Miranda, Herrera-Camp. & Lücking (2019)
• Fissurina rubiginosa (Fée) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina rufula (Mont.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina scolecitis (Tuck.) Lendemer (2007)
• Fissurina seychellensis Lücking & Diederich (2017)
• Fissurina shivamoggensis Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2017)
• Fissurina simplex B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina simulans (Leight.) A.W.Archer (2007)
• Fissurina sipmanii Lücking, B.Moncada & Álvaro (2023)^[25] – Colombia
• Fissurina sporolata B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina srilankensis Weerakoon, Wijey. & Lücking (2012)^[26] – Sri Lanka
• Fissurina stegoboloides Papong, Lücking & Kraichak (2014)^[27]
• Fissurina streimannii (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)
• Fissurina stromatoides (H.Magn.) Luch & Lücking (2018)
• Fissurina subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking (2011)
• Fissurina subcontexta (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
• Fissurina subcorallina Komposch (2016)^[28]
• Fissurina subfurfuracea M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)^[16]
• Fissurina submonospora B.O.Sharma, Khadilkar & Makhija (2012)^[11] – India
• Fissurina subnitidula (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina subtropica (M.Nakan.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)
• Fissurina subundulata Kalb & Z.F.Jia (2014)^[29] – China
• Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina taeniocarpoides Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18]
• Fissurina tenuimarginata Herrera-Camp., Barcenas-Peña & Lücking (2019)^[30] – Mexico
• Fissurina triticea (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)^[13]
• Fissurina tuberculifera Weerakoon, Jayalal & Lücking (2015)^[31] – Sri Lanka
• Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina undulata (Müll.Arg.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)
• Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking (2011)^[12] – Florida
• Fissurina verrucosa Makhija & Adaw. (2007)^[18] – India
• Fissurina virensica A.W.Archer & Elix (2018)^[32]
• Fissurina vorax Sipman (2014)^[33]
• Fissurina zahlbruckneriana Luch & Lücking (2018)^[34]

References

1. "Fissurina Fée 1825". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
2. Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. JSTOR 44250015.
3. Fée, A.L.A. (1824). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). pp. 35, 110.
4. Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, III". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (in Latin). 15 (6): 1–368.
5. Zahlbruckner, A. (1923). Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. Vol. 2. pp. 145–452.
6. Redinger, K. (1935). "Die Graphidineen der ersten Regnell'schen Expedition nach Brasilien 1892–1894. III. Graphis, Phaeographis, nebst einem Nachtrage zu Graphina". Arkiv för Botanik (in German). 27 (A(3)): 1–103.
7. "Fissurina". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
8. Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
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10. Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. Bibcode:2019CRvPS..38..199L. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
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18. Makhija, U.; Adawadkar, B. (2007). "Trans-septate species of Acanthothecis and Fissurina from India". The Lichenologist. 39 (2): 165–185. doi:10.1017/S0024282907004756.
19. Weerakoon, Gothamie; Ngo, Kang Min; Lum, Shawn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Lücking, Robert (2015). "On time or fashionably late for lichen discoveries in Singapore? Seven new species and nineteen new records of Graphidaceae from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, a highly urbanized tropical environment in South-East Asia". The Lichenologist. 47 (3): 157–166. doi:10.1017/s0024282915000043.
20. Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R. (2012). "High diversity of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) in Amazonian Perú". Fungal Diversity. 58: 13–32.
21. Joshi, S.; Upreti, D.K.; Nguyen, T.T.; Nguyen, A.D.; Oh, S.O.; Hur, J.S. (2015). "A new species of Fissurina and new records of Graphidaceae from Vietnam". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (4): 383–397. doi:10.7872/crym/v36.iss4.2015.383.
22. Knight, C.; Mitten, W. (1860). "Contributions to the lichenographia of New Zealand; being an account, with figures of some new species of Graphideae and allied lichens". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 23: 101–106. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00124.x.
23. Aptroot, André; de Souza, Maria Fernanda; dos Santos, Lidiane Alves; Junior, Isaias Oliveira; Barbosa, Bruno Micael Cardoso; da Silva, Marcela Eugenia Cáceres (2022). "New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest". The Bryologist. 125 (3): 435–467. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.433.
24. Poengsungnoen, V.; Manoch, L.; Mongkolsuk, P.; Kalb, K. (2014). "New species of Graphidaceae from Loei Province, Thailand". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 255–267. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.18.
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26. Weerakoon, G.; Wijeyaratne, S.C.; Wolseley, P.A.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2012). "Six new species of Graphidaceae from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist. 115: 74–83. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.74.
27. Papong, K.B.; Lücking, R.; Kraichak, E.; Parnmen, S.; Von Konrat, M.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2014). "Twenty-three new species in the lichen family Graphidaceae from New Caledonia (Ostropales, Ascomycota)". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 204–231. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.15.
28. Komposch, H. (2016). "Fissurina subcorallina (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales), another drop in the bucket". Herzogia. 29 (2/1): 473–478. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.473.
29. Kalb, K.; Jia, Z.F. (2014). "New species of Graphidaceae from Zhejiang Province, China". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 147–152. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.10.
30. Herrera-Campos, M.A.; Barcenas-Peña, A.; Miranda-González, R.; Altamirano Mejía, M.; Bautista González, J.A.; Martínez Colín, P.; Sánchez Téllez, N.; Lücking, R. (2019). "New lichenized Arthoniales and Ostropales from Mexican seasonally dry tropical forest". The Bryologist. 122 (1): 62–83. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.062.
31. Weerakoon, G.; Jayalal, U; Wijesundara, S.; Karunaratne, V.; Lücking, R. (2015). "Six new Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka". Nova Hedwigia. 101 (1–2): 77–88. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0241.
32. Archer, A.W.; Elix, J.A. (2018). "Fissurina virensica, a new species in the Australian Graphidaceae (Lichenised Ascomycota, Ostropales) containing virensic acid". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 137–139.
33. Harrie J.M., Sipman (2014). "New species of Graphidaceae from the Neotropics and Southeast Asia". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 289–311. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.21.
34. Luch, R.M.; Lücking, R. (2018). "The genus Halegrapha new to Hawaii, with the new and potentially endemic species Halegrapha paulseniana and an updated checklist for Hawaiian lirellate Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Willdenowia. 48 (3): 415–423. doi:10.3372/wi.48.48311.