Exotic baryon

In particle physics, exotic baryons are a type of hadron (bound states of quarks and gluons) with half-integer spin, but with a quark content different from the three quarks (qqq) present in conventional baryons. An example would be pentaquarks, consisting of four quarks and one antiquark (qqqqq̅).

So far, the only observed exotic baryons are the pentaquarks P_c(4380)⁺, P_c(4450)⁺ discovered in 2015,^[1] P_c(4312)⁺ in 2019^[2] and P^Λ
_ψs(4338)⁰ in 2022 by the LHCb collaboration.^[3]

Several types of exotic baryons that require physics beyond the Standard Model have been conjectured in order to explain specific experimental anomalies. There is no independent experimental evidence for any of these particles. One example is supersymmetric R-baryons,^[4] which are bound states of 3 quarks and a gluino. The lightest R-baryon is denoted as S⁰
and consists of an up quark, a down quark, a strange quark and a gluino. This particle is expected to be long lived or stable and has been invoked to explain ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.^[5][6] Stable exotic baryons are also candidates for strongly interacting dark matter.

It has been speculated by futurologist Ray Kurzweil that by the end of the 21st century it might be possible by using femtotechnology to create new chemical elements composed of exotic baryons that would eventually constitute a new periodic table of elements in which the elements would have completely different properties than the regular chemical elements.^[7]

References

1. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ⁰
   _b→J/ψK⁻p decays". Physical Review Letters. 115 (7): 072001. arXiv:1507.03414. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115g2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001. PMID 26317714. S2CID 119204136.
2. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2019). "Observation of a narrow pentaquark state, P_c(4312)⁺, and of two-peak structure of the P_c(4450)⁺". Physical Review Letters. 122 (22): 222001. arXiv:1904.03947. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.222001. PMID 31283265. S2CID 102351520.
3. "Observation of a strange pentaquark, a doubly charged tetraquark and its neutral partner". July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
4. G.R. Farrar (1996). "Detecting Gluino-Containing Hadrons". Physical Review Letters. 76 (22): 4111–4114. arXiv:hep-ph/9603271. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76.4111F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4111. PMID 10061204. S2CID 2814128.
5. D. Chung; G.R. Farrar; E.W. Kolb (1998). "Are ultra-high-energy cosmic rays signals of supersymmetry?" (PDF). Physical Review D. 57 (8): 4606. arXiv:astro-ph/9707036. Bibcode:1998PhRvD..57.4606C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.57.4606. S2CID 44780458.
6. I.F.M. Albuquerque; G. Farrar; E.W. Kolb (1999). "Exotic massive hadrons and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays". Physical Review D. 59 (1): 015021. arXiv:hep-ph/9805288. Bibcode:1998PhRvD..59a5021A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.015021.
7. Kurzweil, Ray The Age of Spiritual Machines 1999