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Early Earth is loosely defined as encompassing Earth in its first one billion years, or gigayear (Ga, 109 y),[1] from its initial formation in the young Solar System at about 4.55 Ga to some time in the Archean eon in approximately 3.5 Ga.[2] On the geologic time scale, this comprises all of the Hadean eon, starting with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago,[3] and the Eoarchean, starting 4 billion years ago, and part of the Paleoarchean era, starting 3.6 billion years ago, of the Archean eon.
This period of Earth's history involved the planet's formation from the solar nebula via a process known as accretion. This time period included intense meteorite bombardment as well as giant impacts, including the Moon-forming impact, which resulted in a series of magma oceans and episodes of core formation.[4] After formation of the core, meteorites or comets may have delivered water and other volatile compounds to the Earth in a "late veneer".[5] Although little crustal material from this period survives, the oldest dated specimen is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia.[6] The earliest supracrustals (such as the Isua greenstone belt) date from the latter half of this period, about 3.8 Ga, around the same time as peak Late Heavy Bombardment.
According to evidence from radiometric dating and other sources, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago.[7][8][9] The current dominant theory of planet formation suggests that planets such as Earth form in about 50 to 100 million years but more recently proposed alternative processes and timescales have stimulated ongoing debate in the planetary science community.[10] For example, in June 2023, one team of scientists reported evidence that Earth may have formed in just three million years.[11][10] Nonetheless, within the first billion years of the formation of Earth,[12][13][14][15] life appeared in its oceans and began to affect its atmosphere and surface, promoting the proliferation of aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, its physical properties and its geological history have allowed life to emerge, develop photosynthesis, and, later, evolve further and thrive. The earliest life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago.[16][17][18] Earlier possible evidence of life includes graphite, which may have a biogenic origin, in 3.7-billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland[19] and 4.1-billion-year-old zircon grains in Western Australia.[20][21]
In November 2020, an international team of scientists reported studies suggesting that the primeval atmosphere of the early Earth was very different from the conditions used in the Miller–Urey studies considering the origin of life on Earth.[22]
- Chronology of the universe – History and future of the universe
- History of life
- Future of Earth – Long-term extrapolated geological and biological changes of planet Earth
- Geological history of Earth – The sequence of major geological events in Earth's past
- History of Earth
- Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
- Timeline of natural history
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