Draft:Slavery in Inca Empire
Slavery in Inca Empire / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The existence and nature of slaves and slavery in the Inca state, known as Tawantinsuyu, have long been contentious topics in historiography. The debate reflects the ongoing quest for theoretical frameworks for Inca history, which have primarily relied on European models and terminologies.[1] One group often considered potential slaves is the yanacona. Various forms of dependency in the Inca empire have been analyzed within the framework of evolutionary theories of economic and social evolution. According to John Murra, the controversy surrounding the yanacona dates back to the early anthropological studies of the Inca kingdom.[2]
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Yanacona were individuals separated from their family units, exempted from paying tribute to the Inca, and employed by the Inca and local aristocracy. However, the Inca state encompassed other forms of reliance related to society and labor.[3] Other significant social and labor groups included the mitimaes, camayoc, and mitayos. These categories represented deeply embedded, historically evolving, and overlapping social groupings.[4] Both men and women belonged to these groups, with an additional separate category for women: acllacuna (young women) and mamacuna (older women), which were similar to the yana category.
Given the complexity of Inca social structures, it is challenging to single out one social group. However, the focus here is on the yanacona, identified in earlier studies as particularly affected by unequal reliance. It is also essential to consider how the yana category overlaps with other groupings.[5] There is a need for a thorough investigation of the yanacona and other labor- and social-related categories in the Inca state. Since the foundational publications of Andean Studies in the 1960s to 1980s, led by John Murra, few scholars have concentrated on these subjects in general or on the yanacona specifically. This article adopts a source-rich approach, drawing on new insights from anthropology, history, and archaeology, building on the work of Andean Studies.[6]
Written records about the yanacona emerged during the Spanish colonization period. These records included early Quechua dictionaries, chronicles, administrative documents like visitation reports (visitas), and eyewitness accounts.[7] An early seventeenth-century dictionary defines the Quechua term yana as "criado moço de seruicio" (literally, "servant, servant youth"), with the plural form being yanacona.[8] Spanish terms such as "criado," "indios de servicio," or simply "servicio" are generally understood to refer to yanacona but may also apply to other groups. Not every person called a "criado" (meaning "servant" or "raised") was a yana. Additionally, some yanacona were vocational experts (camayoc), with some holding leadership positions and even being part of the local elite. Because the yanacona could occupy a wide range of status positions, defining their exact degree of reliance is challenging.[9]