Dopamine (medication)

This article is about the medication. For this substance as a natural biological molecule, see Dopamine.

For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation).

Dopamine, sold under the brand name Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest.^[4] In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.^[5] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.^[6][7] It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion.^[4] Effects typically begin within five minutes.^[4] Doses are then increased to effect.^[4]

Dopamine

Skeletal formula of dopamine
Ball-and-stick model of the zwitterionic form of dopamine found in the crystal structure[1]
Clinical data
Trade names	Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine, others
Other names	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
Routes of administration	Intravenous
ATC code	C01CA04 (WHO)
Physiological data
Source tissues	Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others
Target tissues	System-wide
Receptors	D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, TAAR1[2]
Agonists	Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine Indirect: cocaine, substituted amphetamine, cathinone, bupropion
Antagonists	Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone
Metabolism	MAO, COMT,[2] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT
Legal status
Legal status	EU: Rx-only[3] In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	MAO, COMT,[2] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
IUPAC name 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
CAS Number	51-61-6 Y 62-31-7 (hydrochloride)
PubChem CID	681
IUPHAR/BPS	940
DrugBank	DB00988 Y
ChemSpider	661 Y
UNII	VTD58H1Z2X
KEGG	D07870 Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:18243 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL59 Y
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C8H11NO2
Molar mass	153.181 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Density	1.26 g/cm3
Melting point	128 °C (262 °F)
Boiling point	decomposes
SMILES c1cc(c(cc1CCN)O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 Y Key:VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
(verify)

Common side effects include worsening kidney function, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, headache, or anxiety.^[4] If it enters into the soft tissue around the vein local tissue death may occur.^[4] The medication phentolamine can be given to try to decrease this risk.^[4] It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.^[4] At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine receptors and β1-adrenergic receptors while at high doses it works via α-adrenergic receptors.^[4]

Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England.^[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[9] In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.^[10]

Medical uses

Low blood pressure

In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.^[5] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.^[6][7]

In those with low blood volume or septic shock, this should be corrected with intravenous fluids before dopamine is considered.^[4]

Kidney function

Low-dosage dopamine has been routinely used for the treatment and prevention of acute kidney injury. However, since 1999 a number of reviews have concluded that doses at such low levels are not effective and may sometimes be harmful.^[11][12]

Administration

Since the half-life of dopamine in plasma is short—approximately one minute in adults, two minutes in newborn babies and up to five minutes in preterm babies—it is usually given as a continuous intravenous drip rather than a single injection.^[13]

Other

A fluorinated form of L-DOPA known as fluorodopa is available for use in positron emission tomography to assess the function of the nigrostriatal pathway.^[14]

Contraindications

Dopamine should generally not be given to people who have a pheochromocytoma or uncorrected very fast heart rate.^[4]

Side effects

The LD₅₀, or dose which is expected to prove lethal in 50% of the population, has been found to be: 59 mg/kg (mouse; administered intravenously); 950 mg/kg (mouse; administered intraperitoneally); 163 mg/kg (rat; administered intraperitoneally); 79 mg/kg (dog; administered intravenously).^[15]

Extravasation

If extravasation occurs local tissue death may result.^[4] The medication phentolamine can be injected at the site to try to decrease the risk of tissue death.^[4]

Mechanism of action

Its effects, depending on dosage, include an increase in sodium excretion by the kidneys, an increase in urine output, an increase in heart rate, and an increase in blood pressure.^[13] At low doses it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart muscle contraction force and heart rate, thereby increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.^[16] Higher doses also cause vasoconstriction that further increases blood pressure.^[16][17]

While some effects result from stimulation of dopamine receptors, the prominent cardiovascular effects result from dopamine acting at α₁, β₁, and β₂ adrenergic receptors.^[18][19]

Society and culture

Legal status

In March 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a pediatric use marketing authorization (PUMA) for the medicinal product Neoatricon, intended for treatment of hypotension in neonates, infants and children under 18 years of age.^[3][20] The applicant for this medicinal product is BrePco Biopharma Limited.^[3]