Dental and alveolar ejective stops

The alveolar and dental ejective stops are types of consonantal sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩,^[1] as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.

Alveolar ejective stop
tʼ
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t​ť
Unicode (hex)	U+0074 U+0165
X-SAMPA	t_>
Image

Dental ejective stop
t̪ʼ
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t​̪​ť
Unicode (hex)	U+0074 U+032A U+0165
X-SAMPA	t_d_>

In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).

In Oromo /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.

Features

Features of the alveolar ejective:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• There are four specific variants of [tʼ]:
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dahalo[2]		[t̪ʼat̪t̪a]		'hair'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.[3]

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		ятӀэ/i͡atḣė	[jaːtʼa]ⓘ	'dirt'
Amharic		ጥጃ/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa	[tʼɨd͡ʒːa]	'calf'
Armenian	Yerevan dialect[4]	տասը/t'asë	[ˈtʼɑsə]	'ten'	Corresponds to tenuis [t⁼] in other Eastern dialects
Chechen		тӏай / thay / طای	[tʼəj]	'bridge'
Dahalo[2]		[t̺ʼirimalle]		'spider'	Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.[3]
Ganza[5]: 95		[tʼóɗó]		'black'
Georgian		ტიტა/t'it'a	[ˈtʼitʼä]	'tulip'
Haida		qqayttas	[qʼajtʼas]	'basket'
Kabardian		тӀы / ţə / طە	[tʼə]ⓘ	'ram'
Kawésqar		t'ǽrkse	[tʼǽɾkse]	'spicy'
Khwarshi		тӀая/t'aja	[tʼaja]	'to drop'
Mingrelian		ტყები/t'q'ɛbi	[ˈtʼqʼɛbi]	'leather'
Navajo		yáʼátʼééh	[jáʔátʼɛ́ːh] or [jáʔátʼéːh]	'greetings' or 'hello'	literally 'it is good'[6]
Nez Perce		tʼeyíitʼeyii	[tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː]	'flat'
Ossetian	Iron	стъалы/sthaly	[ˈstʼäɫɪ̈]	'star'
Quechua		tʼanta	[tʼæntæ]	'bread'
Svan		ტჷნ/tʼən	[tʼən]	'body'

See also

• List of phonetic topics

Notes

1. "The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart | International Phonetic Association". www.internationalphoneticassociation.org. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
2. Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
3. Maddieson et al. (1993), pp. 27–28.
4. Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
5. Smolders, Joshua (2016). "A Phonology of Ganza" (pdf). Linguistic Discovery. 14 (1): 86–144. doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
6. "What does "Yá'át'ééh" mean? (Navajo Greeting)". YouTube. December 30, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021.

References

• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
• Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65

External links

• List of languages with [tʼ] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [t̪ʼ] on PHOIBLE