Cryptodepression

A cryptodepression is a depression in the Earth's surface that is below mean sea level, and which is filled by a lake.^[1][2] The term is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύπτoς ("hidden") and depression.

Prealpine lakes in Northern Italy by elevation (surface and deepest point elevation). Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano, Lake Como and Lake Garda are cryptodepressions.

Cross-section diagram of the Italian lakes cryptodepressions

Description

A cryptodepression is often the result of a rift valley or a glaciation.^[3] Such lakes are often long and narrow, and the surrounding landscape and the shore of the lake can be very steep.^[4]

Examples

Lago O'Higgins/San Martín has a surface elevation of 250 meters and a maximal depth of 836 meters, yielding a cryptodepression of 586 meters.

• Glacial lakes and moraine-dammed lakes: major prealpine lakes in Italy have cryptodepressions created by erosion. In other parts of the Alps, Swiss, Bavarian and Austrian lakes, cryptodepressions are not found because the lakes have significantly higher elevations. Glacial lakes creating cryptodepressions also occur in Norway, Chile, Argentina, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and Scotland. In North America, four of the five Great Lakes (all except Erie) and two of the Finger Lakes in New York, Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake, are examples of cryptodepressions. Mälaren in Sweden was created by a different process; it had been an arm of the Baltic Sea as recently as the Viking Age before being cut off from the sea by post-glacial rebound.
• Rift valleys: the deepest known cryptodepression on Earth is in Lake Baikal (–1200 m).^[4] Other notable examples include Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi in Africa's East African Rift.

References

1. Fairbridge, R. W. (1968), "Cryptodepressions", in Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.), Geomorphology, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, vol. Geomorphology, Berlin: Springer, pp. 231–233, doi:10.1007/3-540-31060-6_78, ISBN 978-0-442-00939-7
2. Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, Jr., J.P.; Jackson, J.A. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th edition). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 155.
3. "criptodepressione". Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 11 October 2013.
4. Fairbridge, R. W. (1968), "Cryptodepressions", in Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth Science, vol. Geomorphology, Berlin: Springer, archived from the original on 12 October 2013, retrieved 11 October 2013