Cromer Forest Bed

The Cromer Forest-bed Formation, sometimes known as the Cromer Forest Bed, is a geological formation in Norfolk, England. It consists of river gravels, estuary and floodplain sediments predominantly silt, sand, and muds as well as peat along the coast of northern Norfolk.^[1] It is the type locality for the Cromerian Stage of the Pleistocene between 0.8 and 0.5 million years ago.^[2] The deposit itself range varies in age from about 0.8 to 0.5 million years ago. It is about 6-to-8-metre (20 to 26 ft) thick and is exposed in cliff section near the village of West Runton.

Cromer Forest-bed Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Middle Pleistocene 0.8–0.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Cromer Forest-bed Formation exposed at the base of the West Runton Cliffs
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Dunwich Group
Sub-units	Sheringham Member, Runton Member, West Runton Member, and Bacton Member
Underlies	Middle Pleistocene glacial deposits
Overlies	Wroxham Crag Formation or unconformity with Chalk Group
Thickness	6-to-8-metre (20 to 26 ft)
Lithology
Primary	sands and silts
Other	peat, mud, silty marl
Location
Coordinates	52.941°N 1.253°E / 52.941; 1.253
Region	Norfolk
Country	England
Type section
Named for	Cromer
Named by	Clement Reid
Location	The coast of North Norfolk from Weybourne to Happisburgh
Year defined	1882
Country	England

Paleontology and paleobotany

For over a century this formation, named after the local town of Cromer, has been famous for its assemblage of fossil mammal remains, containing the diverse remains of numerous taxa, including deer,^[3] carnivorans^[4] and birds.^[5] Although most of the forest bed is now obscured by coastal defence, the Cromer Forest-bed Formation continues to be eroded and is rich in fossils including the skeletal remains of the West Runton Mammoth which was discovered in 1990.^[6][7][8][9]

Archaeology

The oldest human footprints outside Africa, the Happisburgh footprints as well as handaxes and bison bones with cut marks were also found in layers considered to belong to this deposit near Happisburgh.^[10]

See also

• Cromerian Stage
• Pakefield

References

1. "Cromer Forest-bed Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
2. Ashton, Nick (2017). Early Humans. London: William Collins. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-00-815035-8.
3. Lister, Adrian M. (1993). "The stratigraphical significance of deer species in the cromer forest-bed formation". Journal of Quaternary Science. 8 (2): 95–108. Bibcode:1993JQS.....8...95L. doi:10.1002/jqs.3390080202.
4. Lewis, Mark; Pacher, Martina; Turner, Alan (December 2010). "The larger Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed". Quaternary International. 228 (1–2): 116–135. Bibcode:2010QuInt.228..116L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.022.
5. Harrison, C. J. O. (May 1979). "Birds of the Cromer Forest Bed Series of the East Anglian Pleistocene" (PDF). Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society. 24: 277–287.
6. "Clues of Britain's First Humans (Published 2010)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
7. "First humans arrived in Britain 250,000 years earlier than thought". The Guardian. London. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023.
8. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1931)
9. Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (December 2010). "Introduction: The West Runton Freshwater Bed and the West Runton Mammoth". Quaternary International. 228 (1–2): 1–7. Bibcode:2010QuInt.228....1S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.035.
10. Ashton, Nick; Lewis, Simon G.; De Groote, Isabelle; Duffy, Sarah M.; Bates, Martin; Bates, Richard; Hoare, Peter; Lewis, Mark; Parfitt, Simon A.; Peglar, Sylvia; Williams, Craig (7 February 2014). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.). "Hominin Footprints from Early Pleistocene Deposits at Happisburgh, UK". PLOS One. 9 (2): e88329. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988329A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088329. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3917592. PMID 24516637.

Further reading

• Bowen, D.Q., 1978, Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 221 pp. ISBN 978-0-08-020409-3
• West, R.G., 1980, The pre-glacial Pleistocene of the Norfolk and Suffolk Coasts Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21962-0
• Ehlers, J., P. L. Gibbard, and J. Rose, eds., 1991, Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland Balkema, Rotterdam. 580 pp ISBN 978-90-6191-875-2
• Mangerud, J., J. Ehlers, and P. Gibbard, 2004, Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
• Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., 1986, Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 5, pp. 1–514.

External links

Gibbard, P.L., S. Boreham, K.M. Cohen and A. Moscariello, 2007, Global correlation tables for the Quaternary, Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.