List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty generally recognised sovereign states, Kosovo with limited, but substantial, international recognition, and four largely unrecognised de facto states with limited to no recognition have territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations. There are eight entities that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political arrangements.

Boundary of Europe

Geographical

Further information: Boundaries between the continents of Earth § Asia and Europe

Under the commonly used geographic definition, the boundary between the continents of Asia and Europe stretches along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Greater Caucasus range,^[1] and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, in the south.^[2][3] Based on such a commonly used division of the continents, the transcontinental countries of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey have territory in both Asia and Europe.

The island of Cyprus in Western Asia is close to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) but is often considered to be a part of Europe and is a member of the European Union. Like Cyprus, Armenia is also entirely in Western Asia but is a member of several European organisations.^[4]

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Malta, Pantelleria, the Pelagie Islands, and Sicily are actually located on the African Plate.^[5] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.^[6]

Some territories which are geographically outside of Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland, for example, has socio-political connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark but is located closer to the continent of North America and is usually grouped with that continent.^[7]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located on other continents, such as the French overseas regions,^[8] the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,^[9] and the Dutch BES islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba in the Caribbean.^[10]

Political

Further information: Council of Europe

The political boundaries of Europe vary with the definition of Europe that is used by different political organizations. For instance, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights include 46 countries in their definition of Europe. The European Higher Education Area includes 48 countries, and the European Cultural Convention and the European Olympic Committees include 50 countries in their definitions.

Sovereign states

Further information: Sovereign state

Political map of Europe and the surrounding region

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.^[11] According to the Montevideo Convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.^[12]

UN member states and UNGA non-member observer state

There are 50 sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations that are almost universally recognized internationally. All are either member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA),^[13] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.^[14] 44 countries have their capital city located within Europe, and (as of 2022) 27 of those countries are member states of the European Union, which means that they are highly integrated with one another and share their sovereignty through EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents other states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

*	= Member of the EU[15]

Flag	Map	English short, formal names, and ISO [16][17][18][19]	Domestic short and formal name(s) [16][17][18]	Capital [19][20][21]	Population 2021 [22][23]	Area [a][24]	Currency [19]
		Albania[b] Republic of Albania ALB	Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria – Republika e Shqipërisë	Tirana Albanian: Tiranë	2,854,710	28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)	Albanian lek
		Andorra Principality of Andorra AND	Catalan: Andorra – Principat d'Andorra	Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andorra la Vella	79,034	468 km2 (181 sq mi)	Euro
		Armenia[c] Republic of Armenia ARM	Armenian: Հայաստան – Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Hayastan – Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun)	Yerevan Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan)	2,790,974	29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi)	Armenian dram
		Austria* Republic of Austria AUT	German: Österreich – Republik Österreich	Vienna German: Wien	8,922,082	83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi)	Euro
		Azerbaijan[c] Republic of Azerbaijan AZE	Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan – Azǝrbaycan Respublikası	Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı	10,312,992	86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi)	Azerbaijani manat
		Belarus Republic of Belarus BLR	Belarusian: Беларусь – Рэспубліка Беларусь (Bielaruś – Respublika Bielaruś) Russian: Беларусь – Республика Беларусь (Belarus' — Respublika Belarus')	Minsk Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk) Russian: Минск (Minsk)	9,578,167	207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi)	Belarusian rouble
		Belgium* Kingdom of Belgium BEL	Dutch: België – Koninkrijk België French: Belgique – Royaume de Belgique German: Belgien – Königreich Belgien	Brussels Dutch: Brussel French: Bruxelles German: Brüssel	11,611,419	30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)	Euro
		Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH	Bosnian: Bosna i Hercegovina Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina Serbian: Босна и Херцеговина	Sarajevo Bosnian: Sarajevo Croatian: Sarajevo Serbian: Сарајево	3,270,943	51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi)	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
		Bulgaria* Republic of Bulgaria BGR	Bulgarian: България – Република България (Bulgaria – Republika Bulgaria)	Sofia Bulgarian: София (Sofia)	6,885,868	110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)	Bulgarian lev
		Croatia* Republic of Croatia HRV	Croatian: Hrvatska – Republika Hrvatska	Zagreb Croatian: Zagreb	4,060,135	56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)	Euro
		Cyprus*[d] Republic of Cyprus CYP	Greek: Κύπρος – Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros – Kypriakí Dimokratía) Turkish: Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti	Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosía) Turkish: Lefkoşa	1,244,188	9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi)	Euro
		Czechia*[e] Czech Republic CZE	Czech: Česko – Česká republika	Prague Czech: Praha	10,510,751	78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)	Czech koruna
		Denmark*[f] Kingdom of Denmark DNK	Danish: Danmark – Kongeriget Danmark	Copenhagen Danish: København	5,854,240	42,933 km2 (16,577 sq mi)	Danish krone
		Estonia* Republic of Estonia EST	Estonian: Eesti – Eesti Vabariik	Tallinn Estonian: Tallinn	1,328,701	45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)	Euro
		Finland* Republic of Finland FIN	Finnish: Suomi – Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Finland – Republiken Finland	Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors	5,535,992	338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi)	Euro
		France* French Republic FRA	French: France – République française	Paris French: Paris	64,531,444	643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)	Euro
		Georgia[c] GEO	Georgian: საქართველო (Sakartvelo)	Tbilisi / T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi)	3,757,980	69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi)	Georgian lari
		Germany* Federal Republic of Germany DEU	German: Deutschland – Bundesrepublik Deutschland	Berlin German: Berlin	83,408,554	357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)	Euro
		Greece* Hellenic Republic GRC	Greek: Ελλάδα – Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Elláda – Ellinikí Dimokratía)	Athens Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)	10,445,365	131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)	Euro
		Hungary* HUN	Hungarian: Magyarország	Budapest Hungarian: Budapest	9,709,786	93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)	Hungarian forint
		Iceland ISL	Icelandic: Ísland – Lýðveldið Ísland	Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavík	370,335	103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)	Icelandic króna
		Ireland*[25][g] IRL	English: Ireland Irish: Éire	Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath	4,986,526	70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi)	Euro
		Italy* Italian Republic ITA	Italian: Italia – Repubblica Italiana	Rome Italian: Roma	59,240,329	301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)	Euro
		Kazakhstan[h] Republic of Kazakhstan KAZ	Kazakh: Қазақстан – Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan – Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Russian: Казахстан – Республика Казахстан (Kazakhstan – Respublika Kazakhstan)	Astana Kazakh: Астана (Astana) Russian: Астана (Astana)	19,196,465	2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi)	Kazakhstani tenge
		Latvia* Republic of Latvia LVA	Latvian: Latvija – Latvijas Republika	Riga Latvian: Rīga	1,873,919	64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)	Euro
		Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein LIE	German: Liechtenstein – Fürstentum Liechtenstein	Vaduz German: Vaduz	39,039	160 km2 (62 sq mi)	Liechtenstein franc
		Lithuania* Republic of Lithuania LTU	Lithuanian: Lietuva – Lietuvos Respublika	Vilnius Lithuanian: Vilnius	2,786,651	65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)	Euro
		Luxembourg* Grand Duchy of Luxembourg LUX	German: Luxemburg – Großherzogtum Luxemburg French: Luxembourg – Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg - Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg	Luxembourg German: Luxemburg French: Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg	639,321	2,586 km2 (998 sq mi)	Euro
		Malta* Republic of Malta MLT	English: Malta – Republic of Malta Maltese: Malta – Repubblika ta' Malta	Valletta Maltese: Valletta	526,748	316 km2 (122 sq mi)	Euro
		Moldova[b] Republic of Moldova MDA	Romanian: Moldova – Republica Moldova	Chișinău Romanian: Chișinău	3,061,506	33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi)	Moldovan leu
		Monaco Principality of Monaco MCO	French: Monaco – Principauté de Monaco	Monaco French: Monaco	36,686	2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)	Euro
		Montenegro[b] MNE	Montenegrin: Црна Гора (Crna Gora)	Podgorica Montenegrin: Подгорица (Podgorica)	627,859	13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)	Euro
		Netherlands*[f][i][10] Kingdom of the Netherlands NLD	Dutch: Nederland – Koninkrijk der Nederlanden	Amsterdam (capital) Dutch: Amsterdam The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag	17,501,696	41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi)	Euro
		North Macedonia[b] Republic of North Macedonia MKD	Macedonian: Северна Македонија – Република Северна Македонија (Severna Makedonija – Republika Severna Makedonija)	Skopje Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje)	2,103,330	25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)	Macedonian denar
		Norway Kingdom of Norway NOR	Bokmål: Norge – Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Noreg – Kongeriket Noreg	Oslo Norwegian: Oslo	5,403,021	323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi)	Norwegian krone
		Poland* Republic of Poland POL	Polish: Polska – Rzeczpospolita Polska	Warsaw Polish: Warszawa	38,307,726	312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)	Polish złoty
		Portugal* Portuguese Republic PRT	Portuguese: Portugal – República Portuguesa	Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa	10,290,103	92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)	Euro
		Romania* ROU	Romanian: România	Bucharest Romanian: București	19,328,560	238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)	Romanian leu
		Russia[j] Russian Federation RUS	Russian: Россия – Российская Федерация (Rossija – Rossijskaja Federacija)	Moscow Russian: Москва (Moskva)	145,102,755	17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi)	Russian rouble
		San Marino Republic of San Marino SMR	Italian: San Marino – Repubblica di San Marino	San Marino Italian: San Marino	33,745	61 km2 (24 sq mi)	Euro
		Serbia[b] Republic of Serbia SRB	Serbian: Србија – Република Србија (Srbija – Republika Srbija)	Belgrade Serbian: Београд (Beograd)	7,296,769	88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)	Serbian dinar
		Slovakia* Slovak Republic SVK	Slovak: Slovensko – Slovenská republika	Bratislava Slovak: Bratislava	5,447,622	49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)	Euro
		Slovenia* Republic of Slovenia SVN	Slovene: Slovenija – Republika Slovenija	Ljubljana Slovene: Ljubljana	2,119,410	20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)	Euro
		Spain* Kingdom of Spain ESP	Spanish: España – Reino de España	Madrid Spanish: Madrid	47,486,935	505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)	Euro
		Sweden* Kingdom of Sweden SWE	Swedish: Sverige – Konungariket Sverige	Stockholm Swedish: Stockholm	10,467,097	450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)	Swedish krona
		Switzerland Swiss Confederation CHE	German: Schweiz – Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Suisse – Confédération suisse Italian: Svizzera – Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra – Confederaziun svizra	Bern / Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian and Romansh: Berna	8,691,406	41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi)	Swiss franc
		Turkey[h][b] Republic of Turkey TUR	Turkish: Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti	Ankara Turkish: Ankara	84,775,404	783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)	Turkish lira
		Ukraine[b] UKR	Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraïna)	Kyiv Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv)	43,531,422	603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi)	Ukrainian hryvnia
		United Kingdom[k] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GBR	English: United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	London	67,281,039	243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)	Sterling
		Vatican City Vatican City State VAT	Italian: Città del Vaticano – Stato della Città del Vaticano Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae[26]	Vatican City Italian: Città del Vaticano	511	0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi)	Euro

De facto states

The following five entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag	Map	English common and formal names	Status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Population[a]	Area[a]
		Abkhazia[c] Republic of Abkhazia	Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.[27]	Abkhaz: Аҧсны - Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра (Apsny - Apsny Ahwyntqarra) Russian: Абхазия - Республика Абхазия (Abhaziya - Respublika Abkhaziya)	Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa) Russian: Суху́м(и) (Sukhum(i))	250,000[28]	8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[29]
		Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[16]	Claimed by Serbia. Has been recognized as sovereign by 104 UN member states.[30]	Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë – Republika e Kosovës Serbian: Косово – Република Косово (Kosovo – Republika Kosovo)	Pristina[20] Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина (Priština)	1,836,529[31]	10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[24]
		Northern Cyprus[d] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised by Turkey.[32]	Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti	North Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa	294,906[33]	3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[24]
		South Ossetia[c] Republic of South Ossetia	Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN member states.[27]	Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон – Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston – Respublikæ Khussar Iryston) Russian: Южная Осетия – Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya – Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya)	Tskhinvali Ossetian: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba) Russian: Цхинва́л(и) (Tskhinvál(i))	56,000[34]	3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[35]
		Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic	Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. De facto independent state,[36] recognised by two non-UN states.	Romanian: Transnistria – Republica Moldovenească Nistreană Russian: Приднестровье – Приднестровская Молдавская Республика (Pridnestrov'ye – Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Ukrainian: Придністров'я – Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrovia – Pridnistrovska Moldavska Respublika)	Tiraspol Romanian: Tiraspol Russian: Тираcполь (Tiraspol') Ukrainian: Тирасполь (Tyraspol)	347,251[37]	3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[38]

Non-sovereign territories

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.^[39]

Flag	Map	English common and formal names[16][19]	Legal status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital[20]	Population[31]	Area[24]
		Akrotiri and Dhekelia[d] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	British Overseas Territory	English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Greek: Ακρωτήρι και Δεκέλεια – Περιοχές Κυρίαρχων Βάσεων Ακρωτηρίου και Δεκέλειας (Akrotíri ke Dekélia – Periochés Kyríarchon Váseon Akrotiríou ke Dekélias)	Episkopi Cantonment Greek: Φρουρά Επισκοπής (Frourá Episkopís)	15,700	254 km2 (98 sq mi)
		Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands	Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark	Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne	Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn	54,000	1,393 km2 (538 sq mi)
		Gibraltar[40]	British Overseas Territory	English: Gibraltar	Gibraltar	29,185	6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
		Guernsey[k] Bailiwick of Guernsey	Crown Dependency in right of Guernsey[41][42][43]	English: Guernsey – Bailiwick of Guernsey French: Guernesey – Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais: Guernési – Bailliage de Guernési	Saint Peter Port French: Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port	65,849	78 km2 (30 sq mi)
		Isle of Man[k]	Crown Dependency in right of Man[43][44][45]	English: Isle of Man Manx: Mannin – Ellan Vannin	Douglas Manx: Doolish	86,866	572 km2 (221 sq mi)
		Jersey[k] Bailiwick of Jersey	Crown Dependency in right of Jersey[41][42][43]	English: Jersey – Bailiwick of Jersey French: Jersey – Bailliage de Jersey Jèrriais: Jèrri – Bailliage de Jèrri	Saint Helier French: Saint-Hélier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi	96,513	118 km2 (46 sq mi)

Areas of special sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their sovereign state, but have a political arrangement that was decided through an international agreement.

*	= A part of the EU, although there may be some special arrangements.

Flag	Map	English common and formal names	Legal status	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Population	Area
		Åland*[46] Åland Islands[19]	Self-governing area of Finland, significant autonomy as the result of the Åland crisis[47]	Swedish: Åland – Landskapet Åland	Mariehamn[19] Swedish: Mariehamn	27,500[48]	6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[48]
		Northern Ireland	Part of the United Kingdom, devolved government determined by the Good Friday Agreement[49]	English: Northern Ireland Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann Scots: Norlin Airlann	Belfast[50]	1,810,863[51]	14,130 km2 (5,456 sq mi)[50]
		Svalbard[16]	Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[52]	Norwegian: Svalbard	Longyearbyen[19][20] Norwegian: Longyearbyen	2,019[31]	62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[24]

See also

• International organisations in Europe
• Lists of European countries:
  • by area
  • by GDP
    • by GDP per capita
    • by GDP PPP
  • by population
• List of former sovereign states in Europe
• Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
• Regions of Europe

Notes

1. Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
2. EU candidate country.
3. Part of the South Caucasus, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
4. The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
5. A simpler official short name has been encouraged by the Czech government, "Czechia". By 2017, this variant remains uncommon. Nevertheless, this term has been adopted by several companies and organisations, including Google Maps, instead of the term "Czech Republic". See Name of the Czech Republic.
6. Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and the Netherlands are often used as short names for their respective kingdoms as a whole.
7. The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are official descriptions but are not official names.
8. Kazakhstan and Turkey both have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
9. The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this name properly refers only to a region of the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
10. Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, with the vast majority of its population (78%) living within its European part.
11. The United Kingdom consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.

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