Centuria Insectorum

Centuria Insectorum (Latin, "one hundred insects") is a 1763 taxonomic work by Carl Linnaeus, and defended as a thesis by Boas Johansson; which of the two men should for taxonomic purposes be credited with its authorship has been the subject of some controversy. It includes descriptions of 102 new insect and crustacean species that had been sent to Linnaeus from British America, Suriname, Java and other locations. Most of the new names included in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, although a few have been sunk into synonymy, and one was the result of a hoax: a common brimstone butterfly with spots painted on was described as the new "species" Papilio ecclipsis.

The first page of Centuria Insectorum, as included in Amoenitates Academicæ

Publications

The contents of the work were published twice, under two slightly different titles. Centuria Insectorum Rariorum ("one hundred rare insects") was published as a standalone thesis, while Centuria Insectorum was published as part of Linnaeus' series of Amoenitates Academicæ ("academic delights"). Both bear the date June 23, 1763, although the latter was printed later, in September 1763.^[1]

Authorship

Carl Linnaeus, the probable author of Centuria Insectorum

Since Centuria Insectorum Rariorum was a thesis presented and defended by one of Linnaeus' students, Boas Johansson (1742–1809) from Kalmar, it has been argued that authorship of the taxa named in it should be assigned to Johansson. The authorship, however, has been the subject of some controversy.^[1]

Several lines of argument have been used to suggest that Linnaeus should be considered the author. The role of the person defending the thesis at Swedish universities at the time was to prove his command of Latin, and responsibility for the text of the thesis rested mainly, if not entirely, with the professor.^[1] Linnaeus appeared to consider himself the author, referring in his later works to Amoenitates Academicæ without including an abbreviation for the author, as he did for works written by other people.^[1] Works presented by students of other taxonomists of the era (such as Carl Peter Thunberg, Adam Afzelius and Elias Magnus Fries) are generally credited to their supervisors, and not the students themselves.^[1] Finally, most zoologists, and "Scandinavian authorities on Linnaeana" consider Linnaeus the author;^[1] in the interests of nomenclatural stability, it is preferable to continue doing so. The issue was raised in a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and, although a large majority voted in favour of recognising Linnaeus as the author, the one dissenting vote caused the commission to defer its decision.^[2]

Sources

The specimens used by Linnaeus or Johansson in writing Centuria Insectorum include some provided by Dr Alexander Garden, a horticulturist from Charles Town in the Province of South Carolina,^[3] by Carl Gustav Dahlberg in Suriname,^[4] by Hans Johan Nordgren in Java,^[5] and from the collection of Baron Charles De Geer from the Province of Pennsylvania.

Contents

The dissertation begins by discussing improvements that the Linnaean system of taxonomy has brought to the study of insects, before describing the new species.^[6]

Brimstone hoax

Gonepteryx rhamni: a specimen with spots painted on was named Papilio ecclipsis in Centuria Insectorum

One of the species described in Centuria Insectorum was "Papilio ecclipsis". This was based on a specimen sent by William Charlton to James Petiver in 1702, who wrote: "It exactly resembles our English Brimstone Butterfly (R. Rhamni), were it not for those black spots and apparent blue moons on the lower wings. This is the only one I have seen."^[7] Carl Linnaeus examined the butterfly, and named it Papilio ecclipsis in Centuria Insectorum Rariorum, including it in his Systema Naturae from the 12th edition (1767) onwards.^[7] It was not until 1793 that the hoax was discovered by Johan Christian Fabricius, who recognised that the dark patches had been painted on, and that the specimen was a common brimstone butterfly (now called Gonepteryx rhamni). Although the curator at the British Museum "indignantly stamped the specimen to pieces" when he found out, William Jones created two replicas to replace the lost specimen.^[7]

Species

The 102 species described in Centuria Insectorum were divided into seven sections, broadly corresponding with modern insect orders. Exceptions are that thrips (Thysanoptera), mantises (Mantodea) and Orthoptera were included in the Hemiptera, dragonflies (Odonata) were included in the Neuroptera, and the section called "Aptera" contains crustaceans rather than insects in the modern sense. Most of the names introduced in Centuria Insectorum are still in use, albeit in different genera; in a few cases, it is not clear what animal the name refers to.^{[Note 1]}

Coleoptera

Sitophilus oryzae, named in Centuria Insectorum as Curculio oryza

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
1	SCARABÆUS Tityus	valid [8]	Dynastes tityus
2	SCARABÆUS Molosſus [Note 2]	valid [9]	Catharsius molossus
3	SCARABÆUS ſurinamus	synonym [10]	Rutela lineola
4	SCARABÆUS capreolus	valid [11]	Lucanus capreolus
5	DERMESTES Gleditſiæ	valid [12]	Caryobruchus gleditsiae
6	DERMESTES bactris	valid [13]	Pachymerus bactris
7	CASSIDA ſpinifex	valid [14]	Acromis spinifex
8	CASSIDA bipuſtulata	junior synonym [15]	Stolas discoides
9	CASSIDA bicornis	valid [16]	Omocerus bicornis
10	CASSIDA leucophæa
11	COCCINELLA ſangvinea	valid [17]	Cycloneda sanguinea
12	COCCINELLA ſurinamenſis	junior synonym [18]	Aegithus clavicornis
13	CHRYSOMELA gibboſa	valid [19]	Gibbifer gibbosus
14	CHRYSOMELA undulata	valid [20]	Phyllocharis undulata
15	CHRYSOMELA caſtanea
16	CHRYSOMELA Gorteriæ	valid [21]	Cryptocephalus gorteriae
17	CHRYSOMELA octopunctata
18	CHRYSOMELA punctatiſſima
19	CURCULIO oryza	valid [22]	Sitophilus oryzae
20	CURCULIO ſurinamenſis	valid [22]	Curculio surinamensis
21	CANTHARIS bicolor	valid [23][Note 3]	Thonalmus bicolor
22	CICINDELA æquinoctialis	valid [25]	Pheropsophus aequinoctialis
23	CICINDELA carolina	valid [26]	Tetracha carolina
24	ELATER ligneus	valid [27]	Semiotus ligneus
25	MELOE Chryſomeloides	valid [28]	Nemognatha chrysomeloides
26	TENEBRIO Gigas [Note 4]

Hemiptera

Stagmomantis carolina, named in Centuria Insectorum as Gryllus carolinus

Arilus cristatus, named in Centuria Insectorum as Cimex cristatus

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
27	GRYLLUS unicornis [Note 5]	synonym [1][30]	Empusa pennicornis
28	GRYLLUS carolinus	valid [1]	Stagmomantis carolina
29	GRYLLUS irroratus	synonym [1]	Stagmomantis carolina
30	GRYLLUS Lunus	valid [1]	Monachidium lunum
31	GRYLLUS Cinerarius	synonym [1]	Pterochroza ocellata
32	GRYLLUS brachypterus / GRYLLUS necydaloides [Note 6]	valid / junior synonym [31]	Pseudophasma brachypterum
33	GRYLLUS javanus	junior synonym [1][32]	Mecopoda elongata
34	GRYLLUS perſpicillatus	valid [1]	Ommatolampis perspicillata
35	GRYLLUS ſpinuloſus	valid [1]	Eugaster spinulosa
36	GRYLLUS ſuccinctus	valid [1][33]	Nomadacris succincta
37	GRYLLUS brevicornis	valid [1]	Metaleptea brevicornis
38	GRYLLUS convolutus	valid [1]	Miogryllus convolutus
39	CICADA flammea	valid [34]	Zanna flammea
40	CICADA truncata	valid [34]	Oryxa truncata
41	CIMEX ictericus	valid [35]	Euschistus ictericus
42	CIMEX criſtatus	valid [36]	Arilus cristatus
43	CIMEX ſcaber	valid [37]	Acanthocoris scaber
44	CIMEX ſuccinctus	valid [36]	Largus succinctus
45	CIMEX hæmorrhous	valid [38]	Leptoscelis haemorrhous
46	CIMEX nobilis	valid [39]	Calliphara nobilis
47	COCCUS capenſis	valid [40]	Conchaspis capensis
48	TRIPS paradoxa	valid [41]	Thrips paradoxa

Lepidoptera

Amathusia phidippus, named in Centuria Insectorum as Papilio phidippus

Anartia jatrophae, named in Centuria Insectorum as Papilio Jatrophæ

Argynnis hyperbius, named in Centuria Insectorum as Papilio Hyperbius

Manduca sexta, named in Centuria Insectorum as Sphinx sexta

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
49	PAPILIO Ægiſthus	junior synonym [5][42]	Graphium agamemnon
50	PAPILIO Polydorus	valid [5][42]	Atrophaneura polydorus
51	PAPILIO Orontes	valid [5]	Alcides orontes
52	PAPILIO Phidippus	valid [5][42]	Amathusia phidippus
53	PAPILIO Medon	valid [5]	Euphaedra medon
54	PAPILIO Mneme	valid [5]	Melinaea mneme
55	PAPILIO Ædea	valid [5]	Eterusia aedea
56	PAPILIO Melite	valid [43]	Enantia melite
57	PAPILIO Scylla	valid [5][42]	Catopsilia scylla
58	PAPILIO Polybe	valid [5]	Atlides polybe
59	PAPILIO Philea	valid [5]	Phoebis philea
60	PAPILIO Philomela	valid [5][42]	Ypthima philomela
61	PAPILIO Electo	valid [5]	Colias electo
62	PAPILIO Helcita	valid [5]	Aletis helcita
63	PAPILIO Idea	valid [5][42]	Idea idea
64	PAPILIO Strilidore	nomen dubium [5]	unknown
65	PAPILIO Eurydice	valid [5]	Satyrodes eurydice
66	PAPILIO Demophile	valid [5]	Itaballia demophile
67	PAPILIO ecclipſis	hoax[7]	Gonepteryx rhamni
68	PAPILIO Canace	valid [5]	Kaniska canace
69	PAPILIO Hypermneſtra	valid [5][42]	Elymnias hypermnestra
70	PAPILIO Talaus	junior synonym [5]	Entheus priassus
71	PAPILIO Ariadne	valid [5][42]	Ariadne ariadne
72	PAPILIO Atlites	valid [5]	Junonia atlites
73	PAPILIO Jatrophæ	valid [5]	Anartia jatrophae
74	PAPILIO Dido	valid [5]	Philaethria dido
75	PAPILIO Hyperbius	valid [5][42]	Argynnis hyperbius
76	PAPILIO Cydippe	junior homonym; rejected [42][Note 7]	Cethosia cydippe
77	PAPILIO Peleus	junior synonym [5]	Entheus priassus
78	PAPILIO Actorion	valid [5]	Bia actorion
79	PAPILIO Arcius	valid [5]	Rhetus arcius
80	PAPILIO Augias	valid [5][42]	Telicota augias
81	SPHINX ſexta	valid [44]	Manduca sexta
82	PHALÆNA gangis	valid [45]	Creatonotos gangis
83	PHALÆNA Phalonia	valid [46]	Eudocima phalonia
84	PHALÆNA heteroclita	nomen dubium [47]	Enantia melite?

Neuroptera

Rhyothemis variegata, named in Centuria Insectorum as Libellula variegata

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
85	LIBELLULA carolina	valid [48]	Tramea carolina
86	LIBELLULA variegata	valid [49]	Rhyothemis variegata
87	HEMEROBIUS pectinicornis	valid [50]	Chauliodes pectinicornis

Hymenoptera

Dolichovespula maculata, named in Centuria Insectorum as Vespa maculata

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
88	SIREX columba	valid [51]	Tremex columba
89	SPHEX pensylvanica	valid [52]	Sphex pensylvanicus
90	SPHEX cærulea	junior homonym of Sphex caerulea Linnaeus, 1758 (= Entypus caeruleus)[53]	Chalybion californicum [52]
91	VESPA maculata	valid [54]	Dolichovespula maculata
92	VESPA quadridens	valid [55]	Monobia quadridens
93	VESPA annularis	valid [56]	Polistes annularis
94	FORMICA binodis [Note 8]	junior synonym [57]	Tetramorium caespitum

Diptera

Efferia aestuans, named in Centuria Insectorum as Asilus æstuans

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
95	ASILUS æſtuans	valid [58]	Efferia aestuans

Aptera

Ucides cordatus, named in Centuria Insectorum as Cancer cordatus

No.	Name in Centuria...	Status	Current name
96	CANCER Dormia	valid [59]	Dromia dormia
97	CANCER Vocans [Note 9]	valid [59]	Uca vocans
98	CANCER cordatus	valid [59]	Ucides cordatus
99	CANCER epheliticus	valid [59]	Hepatus epheliticus
100	CANCER paraſiticus	nomen dubium [59]	Tumidotheres maculatus?
101	CANCER filiformis	nomen dubium [60]	Caprella lobata?
102	ONISCUS linearis	valid [61]	Idotea linearis

Footnotes

1. Linnaeus' orthography has been preserved here as far as possible, including the use of ſ – the long s.
2. Scarabæus Molosſus was previously included in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae (1758).
3. At least two other species have been named "Cantharis bicolor". Cantharis bicolor Panzer, 1797 is a synonym of Cantharis pallida Goeze, 1777, while Cantharis bicolor Herbst, 1784 is a synonym of Cantharis thoracica (Olivier, 1790).^[24]
4. Linnaeus later named a species Tenebrio gigas in the 12th edition of Systema Naturae (1767), but corrected it to Tenebrio gages in the erratum.^[29] That species is now Blaps gages, which may be synonymous with Blaps kollari Seidlitz.
5. Linnaeus later referred to this species as Mantis pectinicornis.^[1]
6. Appears as "GRYLLUS brachypterus" in Centuria Insectorum Rariorum and as "GRYLLUS necydaloides" in Centuria Insectorum.
7. Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1763 is a junior homonym of Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1761, both of which are rendered invalid by the preservation of Papilio cydippe Linnaeus, 1767.^[42]
8. Formica binodis Fabricius, 1775 is a different species, now called Messor barbarus.^[57]
9. Appears as "CANCER Vocaus" in Centuria Insectorum Rariorum; both versions include an autoreference to the 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

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Further reading

• Arthropods portal

• Carl Linnaeus (1763). Amoenitates Academicæ. Vol. 6 (in Latin).
• Carl Linnaeus (1763). Centuria Insectorum Rariorum (PDF) (in Latin). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-06-17. (also available at Biodiversity Heritage Library, SUB Göttingen and Google Books)