Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios

The burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios took place on the night of 18 June 1822. The event, occurring during the Greek War of Independence, was a reprisal for the Chios massacre which occurred two months earlier. Two thousand Ottoman sailors were killed, as was Nasuhzade Ali Pasha, the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy.

Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios
Part of the Greek War of Independence
The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris. Painting by Nikiforos Lytras, c. 1873
Date 18 June 1822 Location Chios, Eyalet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire 38°22′39″N 26°03′54″E
Belligerents
First Hellenic Republic	Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet
Commanders and leaders
Konstantinos Kanaris Andreas Pipinos	Nasuhzade Ali Pasha †
Strength
43 sailors 2 fire ships	c. 2,000 1 flagship 1 two-decker
Casualties and losses
Unknown	c. 2,000 dead Destruction of the flagship Mansur al-liwa

The event

In March 1821, the Greek War of Independence began against the Ottoman Empire. One year later, the Ottoman forces disembarked on the island of Chios, massacred more than 30,000 Greek inhabitants, and captured about 50,000 who were sold as slaves in Smyrna and Istanbul.^[1]

The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris. Painting by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1881

After the Chios massacre, the Greek revolutionary government managed to gather a significant amount of money (342,000 kuruş) in order to outfit its ships and attack the armada. In May 1821, the Greek navy made consecutive attacks against the Ottoman fleet.^[2]

At the end of May, the Greek captains from Psara and Hydra decided to burn the Ottoman flagship by using fire ships. Konstantinos Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos took charge of the operation. The first would blow up the Ottoman flagship with his fireboat and the second the vice admiral's flagship. The two fireboats would be accompanied by four ships that would gather the sailors of the fireboats after the completion of the operation.^[3]

The operation took place on the night of 18 June [O.S. 6 June] 1822, when the winds were advantageous, the night was dark and the Ottomans were celebrating the Ramadan Bayram. Andreas Pipinos tried to burn the rear admiral's flagship, but although some damage was caused, it did not sink, as the crew realized the danger quickly and saw off the fireboat. However, Kanaris managed to affix his fireship firmly to the flagship, the 84-gun ship of the line Mansur al-liwa. The fire spread to the Ottoman ship and eventually reached the gunpowder hold, resulting in an explosion which destroyed the ship. About two thousand sailors were killed or drowned, including the admiral of the Ottoman navy, Nasuhzade Ali Pasha, who was killed by a falling spar.^[4][5]

According to Thomas Gordon, the burning of the Ottoman flagship in Chios was one of the most astonishing achievements in history and he declared Konstantinos Kanaris a hero that Greece could be proud of.^[6]

• 
  Konstantinos Kanaris
• 
  Nasuhzade Ali Pasha

See also

• Greek War of Independence
• Kanaris at Chios (sculpture)
• Chios massacre
• Destruction of Psara

References

1. Sfyroeras 1975, pp. 245–246.
2. Sfyroeras 1975, pp. 246–247.
3. Sfyroeras 1975, pp. 247–248.
4. Sfyroeras 1975, pp. 248–249.
5. Anderson 1952, pp. 487–488.
6. Sfyroeras 1975, p. 249.

Sources

• Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.
• Finlay, George (1861). History of the Greek Revolution, Vol. I. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons.
• Sfyroeras, Vasileios (1975). "Σταθεροποίηση της Επαναστάσεως 1822-1823" [Stabilization of the Revolution 1822-1823]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ΄: Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821 - 1832) [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution (1821 - 1832)] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 212–286. ISBN 978-960-213-108-4.
• Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1982). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος ΣΤ′: Η Μεγάλη Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821–1829) - Η εσωτερική κρίση (1822–1825) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume VI: The Great Greek Revolution (1821–1829) - Internal Crisis (1822–1825)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)