British football clubs tours to South America

British football clubs tours over South America contributed to the spread and develop of football in the region during the first years of the 20th century. The first club to tour on the region was Southampton F.C. in 1904, followed by several teams (mainly from England although some Scottish clubs also visited South America) until 1929 with Chelsea F.C. being the last team to tour.

British football clubs tours
to South America

Date	1904–1929
Duration	25 years
Venue	Various
Location	Argentina Uruguay Brazil
Type	Exhibition games
Theme	Association football
First reporter	26 Jun 1904
Participants	12 British clubs plus several South American sides

During those 25 years of tours, British teams' performances were decreasing while the South American squads' style of playing improved. Indeed, Southampton won all of their matches in 1904 with 40 goals scored in 1904 while Chelsea was defeated eight times (over 16 games played) in their 1929 tour.^[1]

Background

Further information: Football in Argentina, Football in Uruguay, and Football in Brazil

Football (and other British-origin sports like rugby union) were gaining popularity in Argentina and Uruguay and the associations brought foreign teams to their countries as a way of encourage the practise of the sport among the large number of enthusiasts.^[2] In fact, Argentine Primera División was the first football league outside of the British Isles,^[3] having been held since 1891 to the present.

British teams were considered the best in the world by then, and some of them served as inspiration to establish football clubs in Argentina and Uruguay, helped by the immigration of British citizens that had arrived to work for British companies (mostly in railway construction). CURCC (in Uruguay), Belgrano A.C., Rosario A.C., Alumni and Quilmes (in Argentina) are some examples of clubs established by British immigrants to South America.^[2][4]

Football had been introduced many years ago in both countries, being the first game played in Argentina on June 20, 1867,^[5] with the establishment of Buenos Aires Football Club, the first football club not only in Argentina but in South America.^[2][6] In Uruguay, football had been introduced in 1870. Argentina organised its first league championship, Primera División, in 1891 while its Uruguayan homonymous held its first championship in 1900.

Both countries considered themselves rivals due to their proximity. Moreover, they had the only organised bodies in South America and had held some earlier competitions such as Tie Cup (1900) or Copa de Honor Cousenier (1905), played by champions of each association.

In some cases, the influence of British clubs on Argentine football extended to the colours adopted by some clubs. Arístides Langone, president of Club Atlético Independiente, was so impressed by the Nottingham Forest squad that beat local Alumni by 6–0 that he suggested to change the jersey colours from white and blue to red. The request was approved and Independiente adopted the colour that would later become an identity mark for the club, being known as El Rojo (The Red).^[7]

Some versions also state that Quilmes A.C. was another institution that took the colours from a British squad, in this case the white jersey with blue details of the England national team, although there is no evidence to prove that statement.

Tours

Southampton F.C. was the first foreign club to tour South America, followed by Nottingham Forest F.C. in 1905. One of its games, against Alumni in Buenos Aires, was attended by 10,000 spectators, what proves the interest of Argentine fans to see the local forces facing British sides, considered technically superior by them.^[8]

The first team to defeat a British side was Argentine Alumni, who defeated the South Africa team (mostly composed of British–origin players) by 1–0 at Sociedad Sportiva Argentina stadium in Palermo. The relevance of the victory was expressed by local media, such as La Nación writing: "For our national football, the Alumni v South Africa match was a great triumph that will be remembered for a long time in everyone's memory, serving as example and stimulus for the future", while British-origin newspaper The Standard wrote "it was a glorious victory and what happened in La Sportiva is promising for Argentine football".^[9]

Corinthian F.C. of London was the first British club to tour Brazil in 1910, playing ten games in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The team inspired a group of railway workers to establish a club which they named after the British team,^[10] therefore S.C. Corinthians was founded in September 1910.^[11]

Corinthian F.C. would return to Brazil in 1913,^[12] becoming the only British team that toured South America twice.^[10]

Exeter City was the first British team to play beyond Argentina and Uruguay^[13] when they reached Brazil to play a series of friendly matches in Rio de Janeiro (most of them v. local combined teams), finishing their tour on July 21, 1914, when Exeter played Brazil national team, in which was the first match ever played by the scratch.^[14]

Nevertheless, newspapers in Argentina were left disappointed with City's performances during the tour. Tribuna describing them as "the most mediocre team of professionals sent out by the FA from the home of football", and the Buenos Aires Herald complaining that the Grecians were not "sufficiently superior".^[15]

Plymouth Argyle thrashed the Uruguay national team 4–0 in their first game (Uruguay went on to win the first ever World Cup just six years later) before pulling off another shock by beating Argentina 1–0. Plymouth Argyle was the team that faced Argentina most times, with 4 matches played between both squads.^[16]

The visit of Plymouth Argyle will be best remembered by the outstanding personality and genius of Moses Russell. His effective style, precise judgement, accurate and timely clearances, powerful kicking and no less useful work with his head...one of the most wonderful backs and one of the brainiest players ever seen on the football field.

— The Standard, British newspaper published in Buenos Aires, at the end of the Plymouth Argyle tour.^[17]

In the match against Boca Juniors on 9 July 1924, the Boca Juniors supporters invaded the pitch after their team had scored the opening goal and carried all eleven home players shoulder high around the stadium. After a half hour delay, the referee restarted the match, but a further invasion was sparked when the referee awarded a penalty against the home side. When the match was again restarted, the Argyle players had agreed that Patsy Corcoran would take the spot-kick and miss, to prevent another pitch invasion. However, the ultra-competitive Russell was not prepared to accept this, and just before Corcoran was about to take the penalty he was pushed aside by Russell who took it himself and scored. This prompted a further pitch invasion by the Boca fans and this time the match was abandoned.^[17]

Chelsea F.C. was the last British club to tour South America, in 1929. Since the first tour in 1904, the South American players had evolved a lot, as they were described as "true masters in tactical play" by Chelsea chairman Kirby himself. He also remarked the style and ball control on offer, perhaps a consequence of the outstanding sporting facilities many of the amateur teams possessed.^[18] The evolution of South American football was also evident in the tour results: of 16 games played during their three months tour, Chelsea only won five, with eight loses.^[1] On the other hand, the Chelsea players emphasised the "unfair play" of some Argentine players and the violent surrounding atmosphere of the supporters in Argentina. The Chelsea management complained to the Football Association that "non-observance of the laws of the game hindered real football".^[19]

Some players that were part of British teams touring South America, would then hired as coaches in the continent. Walter Bull of Totenham Hotspur went to Argentina, John Harley to Uruguay (he died there in 1959) while John Hamilton went to Brazil in 1907, becoming the first professional coach in the country.^[8]

List of British clubs by year of tour

Countries visited indicated in each case:

• Y Toured
• N Not toured

Team	Year	Arg	Uru	Bra	Source
Southampton	1904	Y	Y	N	[20][21]
Nottingham Forest	1905	Y	Y	N	[22][8]
South Africa F.A.	1906	Y	Y	Y	[23][9]
Everton	1909	Y	Y	N	[24][25]
Tottenham Hotspur	1909	Y	Y	N	[26][27][28]
Corinthian	1910	N	N	Y	[10]
Swindon Town	1912	Y	Y	N	[29][30]
Corinthian	1913	N	N	Y	[10]
Exeter City	1914	Y	Y	Y	[31][32]
Third Lanark	1923	Y	Y	N	[33][34][35][36]
Plymouth Argyle	1924	Y	Y	N	[37][38]
Motherwell	1928	Y	Y	Y	[39][40]
Chelsea	1929	Y	Y	Y	[1]

Matches details (by club)

Complete list of visitors and games played in Argentina, Uruguay^[41][42] and Brazil.^[12]

  Indicates British clubs defeats.

Southampton

Southampton, the first British club to arrive, in 1904

Southampton

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
26 Jun 1904	Alumni	3–0	Sociedad Sportiva
3 Jul 1904	Británicos [note1 1]	10–0	Sociedad Sportiva
6 Jul 1904	Belgrano A.C.	6–1	Sociedad Sportiva
9 Jul 1904	Argentina [16]	8–0	Sociedad Sportiva
10 Jul 1904	Liga Argentina [note1 2]	5–3	Sociedad Sportiva
14 Jul 1904	Liga Uruguaya [note1 3]	8–1	Parque Central

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
6	6	0	0	40	5

Notes

1. British-origin footballers that played in the Argentine domestic league^[43]
2. All-star team from the Argentine domestic league
3. All-star team from the Uruguay domestic league

Nottingham Forest

Nottingham Forest team that played in Rosario, 16 June 1905

Nottingham Forest

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
11 Jun 1905	CURCC	6–1	Parque Central
16 Jun 1905	Rosario Combined [note2 1]	5–3	Plaza Jewell
18 Jun 1905	Belgrano A.C.	7–0	Sociedad Sportiva
22 Jun 1905	Británicos	13–1	Sociedad Sportiva
24 Jun 1905	Rosario Combined [note2 1]	6–0	Sociedad Sportiva
25 Jun 1905	Alumni	6–0	Sociedad Sportiva
29 Jun 1905	Argentina [16]	5–0	Sociedad Sportiva
2 Jul 1905	Liga Argentina	9–1	Sociedad Sportiva

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
8	8	0	0	57	6

Notes

1. Team composed of players of Rosario Central and Rosario A.C.^[44]

South Africa

The South Africa team of 1906

South Africa playing Alumni in Buenos Aires, 1906

South Africa F.A.

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
22 Jun 1906	"Universitarios" [note3 1]	14–0	Sociedad Sportiva
24 Jun 1906	Alumni	0–1	Sociedad Sportiva
29 Jun 1906	Belgrano A.C.	6–0	Sociedad Sportiva
1 Jul 1906	Liga Rosarina	9–0	Plaza Jewell
8 Jul 1906	"Británicos"	4–1	Sociedad Sportiva
9 Jul 1906	Argentina [16]	1–0	Sociedad Sportiva
12 Jul 1906	Estudiantes (BA)	3–2	Sociedad Sportiva
15 Jul 1906	Liga Argentina	4–1	Sociedad Sportiva
18 Jul 1906	Liga Uruguaya	6–1	Parque Central
22 Jul 1906	Alumni	2–0	Sociedad Sportiva
26 Jul 1906	Quilmes	5–1	Sociedad Sportiva
31 Jul 1906	Combinado Brasileiro [note3 2]	6–0	Velódromo

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
12	11	0	1	60	7

Notes

1. Team formed for University students
2. All-star team from the São Paulo state league

Match details

Alumni	1–0	South Africa
A. Brown 61'	Report

Friendly match

24 June 1906

Sociedad Sportiva, Buenos Aires

Attendance: 12,000

Referee: Guillermo Jordán

Team details

Alumni South Africa GK José Buruca Laforia DF Carlos Carr Brown DF Jorge Brown MF Andrés Mack MF Carlos Buchanan MF Patricio Browne FW Guillermo Weiss FW Alfredo Brown FW Ernesto Brown  15' FW Carlos Lett FW Eliseo Brown Substitutes: DF Juan D. Brown  15' GK W.G. Brown DF H. Heeley DF J. Robison MF W. Schmidt MF J. B. Binckes MF T. Chalmers FW J. Mc Intyre FW R. Tyler FW R. P. Thorne FW W. Mason FW Hartigan

Everton

Everton also toured to Argentina and Uruguay in 1909

Everton

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
06 Jun 1909	Tottenham Hotspur	2–2	Sociedad Sportiva
10 Jun 1909	Alumni	4–0	Sociedad Sportiva
13 Jun 1909	Liga Uruguaya	2–1	Parque Central
19 Jun 1909	Tottenham Hotspur	4–0	Sociedad Sportiva
20 Jun 1909	Liga Argentina	4–1	Sociedad Sportiva

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
5	4	1	0	16	4

Tottenham Hotspur

Tottenham Hotspur team of 1909

Tottenham Hotspur

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
06 Jun 1909	Everton	2–2	Sociedad Sportiva
10 Jun 1909	Liga Uruguaya	8–0	Parque Central
13 Jun 1909	Argentina [16]	1–0	Sociedad Sportiva
16 Jun 1909	Liga Argentina	4–1	Sociedad Sportiva
19 Jun 1909	Everton	0–4	Sociedad Sportiva
20 Jun 1909	Liga Rosarina	9–0	Club Argentino (R)
24 Jun 1909	Alumni	5–0	Sociedad Sportiva

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
7	5	1	1	29	7

Corinthian (1910)

The Corinthian F.C. squad that toured on Brazil in 1910, winning all matches

Corinthian

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
24 Ago 1910	Fluminense	10–1	das Laranjeiras
26 Ago 1910	Rio de Janeiro	8–1	das Laranjeiras
28 Ago 1910	Rio de Janeiro	5–2	das Laranjeiras
31 Ago 1910	A.A. das Palmeiras [note4 1]	2–0	Velódromo
2 Sep 1910	São Paulo	5–0	Velódromo
4 Sep 1910	Foreigners São Paulo	8–2	Velódromo

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
6	6	0	0	38	6

Notes

1. "Associação Atlética das Palmeiras" (not to be confused with S.E. Palmeiras, established in 1914),
   was a football club that merged with members of C.A. Paulistano to form São Paulo FC in 1930

Swindon Town

Swindon Town playing Argentina national team at GEBA stadium, July 1912

Swindon Town

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
16 Jun 1912	Combinado Norte	2–2	GEBA
22 Jun 1912	San Isidro	4–1	GEBA
23 Jun 1912	Combinado Sur	2–0	GEBA
29 Jun 1912	Liga Rosarina	3–1	Club Argentino (R)
30 Jun 1912	Liga Argentina	2–2	GEBA
4 Jul 1912	Estudiantes (BA)	4–0	GEBA
7 Jul 1912	Liga Uruguaya	3–0	Parque Central
9 Jul 1912	Argentina [16]	1–0	GEBA

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
8	6	2	0	21	6

Corinthian (1913)

Corinthian

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
21 Aug 1913	Rio de Janeiro	1–2	das Laranjeiras
23 Aug 1913	Foreigners Rio	4–0	das Laranjeiras
24 Aug 1913	Rio de Janeiro	2–1	das Laranjeiras
28 Aug 1913	Paulistano	2–1	Velódromo
30 Aug 1913	Mackenzie College	8–2	Velódromo
31 Aug 1913	A.A. das Palmeiras	1–1	Velódromo

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
6	4	1	1	18	7

Exeter City

Main article: Exeter City F.C.'s 1914 tour of South America

See also: History of Exeter City F.C. § Tour of South America (1914)

The 1914 Exeter City team that toured on South America

The first Brazil national team ever playing Exeter City in Rio de Janeiro

Exeter City

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
14 Jun 1914	Combinado Norte	0–1	Racing
21 Jun 1914	Combinado Sur	3–0	Racing
24 Jun 1914	Racing	2–0	Racing
28 Jun 1914	Liga Rosarina	3–1	Club Argentino (R)
29 Jun 1914	Combined team	5–0	Racing
9 Jul 1914	Liga Argentina	3–0	Racing
11 Jul 1914	Argentina [16]	0–0	Ferro C. Oeste
12 Jul 1914	Liga Argentina	3–1	Racing
18 Jul 1914	English of Rio	3–0	das Laranjeiras
19 Jul 1914	Rio de Janeiro	5–3	das Laranjeiras
21 Jul 1914	Brazil	0–2	das Laranjeiras

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
11	8	1	2	27	8

Match details

Main article: Brazil v Exeter City F.C. (1914)

Brazil	2–0	Exeter City
Oswaldo Gomes 28' Osman 36'	Report

Friendly match

21 July 1914

Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro

Attendance: c. 5,000

Referee: Harry Robinson

Team details
Brazil Exeter City GK Marcos DF Píndaro DF Nery MF Lagreca MF Rubens Salles MF Rolando de Lamare FW Abelardo de Lamare FW Oswaldo Gomes FW Arthur Friedenreich FW Osman FW Formiga GK Reginald Loram DF Jack Fort DF Samuel Strettle MF James Rigby MF James Lagan MF Augustus Harding FW Fred Whittaker FW William Hunter FW William Lovett FW Fred Goodwin FW Harry Holt

Third Lanark

Third Lanark (dark jerseys) and Capital Zona Norte combined entering to the pitch, 10 June 1923

Third Lanark

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
10 June 1923	Capital (Norte)	0–1	River Plate
17 June 1923	Capital (Sud)	3–1	River Plate
19 June 1923	Uruguay	1–1	Pocitos
24 June 1923	Argentina (AAmF)	1–1	River Plate
29 June 1923	Independiente	1–2	River Plate
1 Jul 1923	Combinado Provincias	3–2	River Plate
4 Jul 1923	Peñarol	2–0	Pocitos
8 Jul 1923	Comb. Argentina / Uruguay	2–1	River Plate

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
8	4	2	2	13	9

Plymouth Argyle

Plymouth Argyle v. Argentina national team (first match): Welsh back Moses Russell (left) fights to cut off centre-forward Gabino Sosa

Plymouth Argyle

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
22 Jun 1924	Argentina [16]	1–0	Sportivo Barracas
29 Jun 1924	Argentina [16]	0–3	Sportivo Barracas
4 Jul 1924	Uruguay	4–0	Parque Central
6 Jul 1924	Rosario Combined	0–0	Newell's
8 Jul 1924	Rosario Combined	1–2	Boca Juniors
9 Jul 1924	Boca Juniors	0–0	Boca Juniors
13 Jul 1924	Argentina [16]	1–0	Boca Juniors
18 Jul 1924	Uruguay	1–1	Parque Central
20 Jul 1924	Argentina [16]	0–1	Sportivo Barracas

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
9	3	3	3	8	7

Motherwell

Motherwell F.C. players entering to River Plate field to play the first match of the tour, May 1928

Motherwell

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
13 May 1928	Combinado Capital [note5 1]	0–1	River Plate
17 May 1928	Combinado Provincia [note5 2]	1–2	River Plate
20 May 1928	Argentina	2–3	Sp. Barracas
25 May 1928	Liga Rosarina	4–3	Independiente
27 May 1928	Argentina (AAmF) [note5 3]	3–0	Boca Juniors [note5 4]
3 Jun 1928	Comb. Argentina / Uruguay	3–0	River Plate
5 Jun 1928	Combinado del Interior	4–1	Racing
7 Jun 1928	Liga Rosarina	3–2	Newell's O.B.
9 Jun 1928	Boca Juniors	0–2	Boca Juniors [note5 4]
10 Jun 1928	Peñarol	1–0	Parque Central
14 Jun 1928	Peñarol	1–2	Pocitos
21 Jun 1928	Rio de Janeiro	1–1	das Laranjeiras
24 Jun 1928	Brazil	0–5	das Laranjeiras

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
13	7	0	6	23	21

Notes

1. Players of teams from Buenos Aires city.^[45]
2. Players of teams from Greater Buenos Aires.^[45]
3. As the main Argentine players were at Amsterdam playing the Summer Olympics tournament, the team was composed of players from the
   Asociación Amateurs de Football, a dissident league that organised its own championship from 1919 to 1926.
4. Located in Brandsen and Del Crucero, it stood (1924–38) before La Bombonera was built on the same place.

Chelsea

The Chelsea F.C. team that toured on South America, photographed in Argentina in 1929 ^[46]

Chelsea v. Corinthians, in São Paulo. Both captains greet before the match

Chelsea

Date	Rival	Score	Venue
25 May 1929	Combinado Capital	3–2	San Lorenzo
26 May 1929	Combinado Provincia	0–4	Racing
31 May 1929	Argentina	1–0	River Plate
2 Jun 1929	Combinado Capital	2–3	Boca Juniors
8 Jun 1929	San Lorenzo	2–0	? (Buenos Aires)
9 Jun 1929	Peñarol	1–2	Pocitos
15 Jun 1929	Independiente	1–1	? (Avellaneda)
16 Jun 1929	Liga Rosarina	1–2	Newell's O.B.
16 Jun 1929	Unión[47][48]	0–5	15 de Abril
20 Jun 1929	Racing	0–1	Racing
22 Jun 1929	Estudiantil Porteño	3–2	River Plate
23 Jun 1929	Wanderers	1–0	Parque Central
28 Jun 1929	Rio de Janeiro	1–1	das Laranjeiras
30 Jun 1929	Rio de Janeiro	1–2	das Laranjeiras
4 Jul 1929	Corinthians	4–4	Parque Antarctica
7 Jul 1929	São Paulo	1–3	Parque Antarctica

Balance

Pl	W	D	L	Gs	Gc
16	5	3	8	23	32

References

1. South American Trip of Chelsea FC 1929 by Pablo Ciullini on RSSSF
2. Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina, by Jorge Iwanczuk. Published by Autores Editores (1992) - ISBN 9504343848
3. "Salvation army", The Guardian, 4 June 2006
4. Plaza Jewell, el club donde nació el deporte rosarino, cumple hoy 145 años, La Capital, 27 Mar 2012
5. A un siglo y medio del primer partido de fútbol en la Argentina y en Sudamérica by Oscar Barnade, Clarín, 20 Jun 2017
6. Historia de Fútbol de AFA: Orígenes 1891/1899, by Carlos Yametti. Published by Edición del Autor (2011) – ISBN 978-987-05-9773-5
7. Independiente y Nottingham Forest unidos para siempre Archived 2018-06-22 at the Wayback Machine on Olé, 27 Aug 2010
8. The World's Game: A History of Soccer, by Bill Murray, William J. Murray
9. A cien años de un triunfazo on Clarín, 24 June 2006
10. Corinthian FC Football Pioneers by Vince Cooper, 2 Oct 2017
11. NO BOM RETIRO, EM 1910, COMEÇA ESTA HISTÓRIA, Folha de S.Paulo, 5 Dec 1976
12. British and Irish Clubs - Overseas Tours 1890-1939 by Javier García on RSSSF
13. Exeter City's 1914 South American Tour & its Legacy Today by R.I. Ngah
14. A century of the Seleção: the remarkable story of Brazilian football on The Guardian
15. Hamilton, Aidan (2014). Have you ever played Brazil?: The story of Exeter City's 1914 tour of South America. Exeter City AFC Supporters Society. ISBN 978-0992967604.
16. Argentina national team - List of Other Matches 1901-2008 by Héctor Pelayes on RSSSF
17. Chapter 13: 1920-1930 by Colin Parsons on Green on Screen website
18. When Chelsea went to Rio on Chelsea FC official site, 12 Jul 2014
19. ¡Golazo!: A History of Latin American Football by Andreas Campomar – Quercus Publishing Plc (2014) – ISBN 978-1848668560
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21. source
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27. Hotspur Towers - Spurs in South America
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29. Rio de la Plata trip of Swindon Town 1912 by Pablo Ciullini on the RSSSF
30. When Saturday Comes magazine, Sep 2010
31. South America trip of Exeter City 1914 by Pablo Ciullini on the RSSSF
32. Exeter City return to Brazil one hundred years after special trip by Kalika Mehta, BBC Sport, 18 July 2014
33. Rio de la Plata trip of Third Lanark 1923 by Pablo Ciullini on the RSSSF
34. Tommy McInally: Celtic's Bad Bhoy? by David Potter - Black & White Publishing (2009) - ISBN 9781845022600
35. Memoria y Balance 1923 - Asociación Amateurs de Football on Biblioteca AFA
36. "Third Lanark's lasting legacy on South American football". BBC News. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
37. Argentina and Uruguay trip of Plymouth Argyle 1924 by Pablo Ciullini on the RSSSF
38. SOUTH AMERICAN TOUR 1924
39. South American Trip of Motherwell FC 1928 by Pablo Ciullini on the RSSSF
40. Motherwell: Beating Argentina & bringing football to South America, BBC Sport, 16 July 2020
41. British and Irish Clubs - Overseas Tours 1890-1939
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44. Notthingham Forest en Rosario on Historia del Fútbol Rosarino, 5 Mar 2019
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48. El día que Unión goleó 5-0 al campeón de la Champions on El Litoral, 31 May 2021 by Darío Pignata