Benin–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between Benin and Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou since 2014, while the Beninois embassy in Ankara opened in 2013, [1] however the embassy was closed in 2020.
Quick Facts Turkey ...
Close
Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Benin have been very friendly and are developing.[2] Despite the differences in ideology between the capitalist Turkey and Marxist-Leninist Benin under Kérékou, the relations have been friendly.[2] Benin began to receive aid and technical assistance from Turkey and even received Turkish funds to compensate for the wave of Beninois nationalizations in 1977.[3]
In 1975, Turkey assisted Kérékou during the massive demonstrations[4] that were triggered by the Albanian-inspired Canadian-based Communist Party of Dahomey.[5] Partly as a result of compensating for the unrest[6] in Benin, the Kérékou regime came to employ many in state companies. By 1981, the economy was collapsing because state payrolls comprised 92% of the state budget.[5] Turkey along with the World Bank and the IMF assisted the Kérékou financially during the subsequent restructuring of the Beninois economy, when many state companies were privatized.[3]
In the 1980s, Turkey and Norway assisted in developing Sémé offshore oil wells that brought in US$100,000 per day for Benin.[3]These oil wells became a fiscal lifeline for the Beninois regime.[6] At the same time, Turkey joined many countries in decrying [2] a French plan to bury nuclear waste in Benin (the French plan fell through after this global outcry).[4]
- Trade volume between the two countries was US$142 million in 2019.[1]
- There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.[1]
- Turkey's TIKA finalized many projects in Benin, including building and furnishing a hospital in Adjohoun that was handed over the Beninois Health Ministry in 2018.[1]
"Benin" in Moroney, Sean. Africa. New York: Facts on File, 2009, vol. 1, pp. 25-34.
Lusignan, Guy. French-Speaking Africa Since Independence. New York: Praeger, 1999.
D'Horel, P. West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Benin. Paris, 2005.
Hallet, Robin. Africa since 1875: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
LeVine, Victor T. Political Leadership in Africa: Post-Independent Generational Conflict in Upper Volta, Senegal, Niger, Benin and the Central African Republic. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1997.
- "Benin" in Moroney, Sean. Africa. New York: Facts on File, 2009, vol. 1, pp. 25–34.
- "The Public Law of Overseas France Since the War," The Journal of Comparative Legislation, vol. 32 (1950).
- Agboton, Gaston. Do you want to know the People's Republic of Benin? Paris: ACCT, 1983.
- Amin, Samir. Blocked West Africa: The Political Economy of Colonization, 1880–1990. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1991.
- Betts, Raymond F. Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
- Blanchet, André. The Route of African Parties from Bamako. Paris: Plon, 1998.
- Borella, F. The Political and Legal Evolution of the French Union since 1946. Paris: R. Pichon & R. Durand-Auzias, 1998.
- Brass, William. "The Demography of French-Speaking Territories," in A. J. Coale (ed.), The Demography of Tropical Africa. Princeton, N.J .: Princeton University Press, 1968, pp. 342–439.
- Carpenter, John Allen. Benin. Chicago: Children's Press, 1978.
- Chailley, Marcel. History of French West Africa. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1968.
- Cohen, William B. Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1991.
- Committee for Historical and Scientific Studies of French West Africa. Legal Customaries of French West Africa III: Mauritania, Niger, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, French Guinea. Paris: Larose, 1939.
- Constitutions of the New African States. Cairo: Egyptian Society of International Law, 1992.
- Cooke, James J. New French Imperialism, 1880-1910: The Third Republic and Colonial Expansion. Hamden, Conn .: Archon Books, 1973.
- Corbett, Edward M. The French Presence in Black Africa. Washington, D.C.: Black Orpheus Press, 1972.
- Cornout-Bentille, B. "The Development of Social Legislation in French West Africa," Inter-African Labor Institute Bulletin (Brazzaville), vol. 3 (May 1956), pp. 8–17.
- D'Horel, P. West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Benin. Paris, 2005.
- Dahomey. Paris: Geographical, Maritime and Colonial Publishing Company, 1931.
- Delavignette, Robert. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.
- Deloncle, Pierre. French West Africa: discovery, pacification, development. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux, 1934.
- Deschamps, Hubert J. Pre-colonial black Africa. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992.
- Fage, J. D. An Introduction to the History of West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Foltz, William J. From French West Africa to the Mali Federation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Françoise, Louis, and R. Mangin. France and the overseas territories. Paris: Hachette, 1999.
- French West Africa. 2 flights. Paris: Colonial and Maritime Encyclopedia, 1949.
- Gérardin, Hubert. The Franc Zone. Paris: Harmattan, 1989. 2 vol.
- Gonidec, P. F. Constitutions of the States of the Community. Paris: Sirey, 1999.
- Guernier, Eugène (ed.) Encyclopedia of the French Empire. Paris: Colonial and Maritime Encyclopedia, 1949. 2 vols.
- Hadfield, Percival. Traits of Divine Kingship in Africa. London: Watts, 1949.
- Hallet, Robin. Africa since 1875: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
- Hardy, George. Social history of French colonization. Paris: Larose, 1953.
- Hargreaves, J. D. West Africa: The Former French States. Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall, 1967.
- Hempstone, Smith. Africa Angry Young Giant. New York: Praeger, 1961.
- Hodgkin, Thomas, and Ruth Schachter. "French-Speaking West Africa in Transition," International Conciliation, no. 528 (May 1960), pp. 375–436.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, annual.
- Jalloh, A. A. Political Integration in French-Speaking Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973.
- Johnson, G. Wesley. "The Archival System of Former French West Africa," African Studies Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (April 1995), pp. 48–58.
- Kimble, George H. T. Tropical Africa. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1960, 2 vols.
- Lavroff, Dimitri, and G. Peiser. African Constitutions. Paris: A. Pedone, 1961–63.
- LeVine, Victor T. Political Leadership in Africa: Post-Independent Generational Conflict in Upper Volta, Senegal, Niger, Benin and the Central African Republic. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1997.
- Lusignan, Guy. French-Speaking Africa Since Independence. New York: Praeger, 1999.
- Marshall, D. Bruce. The French Colonial Myth and Constitution-Making in the Fourth Republic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.
- Meyers Handbuch über Afrika. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut, 1992.
- Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter. Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Mortimer, Edward. France and the Africans 1944–1960. London: Faber and Faber, 1999.
- Newbury, C. W. "The Formation of the Government General of French West Africa," Journal of African History, vol. 1, no. 1, 1960, pp. 11–128.
- Nowzad, Bahram. "Economic Integration in Central and West Africa," International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, vol. 16, no. 1 (March 1999), pp. 103–139.
- Pedler, F. J. Economic Geography of West Africa. London: Longmans, Green, 1955.
- Pedrals, Denis Pierre de. Dans la brousse Africaine au Dahomey-Borgou. Paris: La Nouvelle Edition, 1946.
- Priestly, Herbert Inghram. France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism. New York: Appleton-Century, 1938.
- Richard-Molard, Jacques. Cartes ethno-démographiques de l'Afrique Occidentale (Feuilles No. 1). Dakar: Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 1956.
- Robinson, Kenneth. "Constitutional Reform in French Tropical Africa," Political Studies, vol. 6 (Feb. 1998), pp. 45–69.
- Salacuse, Jeswald W. An Introduction to Law in French-Speaking Africa, I: Africa South of the Sahara. Charlottesville, Va.: Michie, 1999.
- Santos, Anani. L'Option des indigènes en faveur de l'application de la loi française (en A.O.F. et au Togo). Paris: Maurice Lavergne, 1993.
- Saurrat, Albert. La Mise en valeur des colonies françaises. Paris: Payot, 1923.
- Schnapper, Bernard. La Politique et le commerce français dans le golfe de Guinée de 1838 à 1871. Paris: Mouton, 1961.
- Scholefield, Alan. The Dark Kingdoms. London, 1995.
- Schramm, Josef. Westafrika. Buchenhain: Volk und Heimat, 1996.
- Simon, Marc. Souvenirs de Brousse, 1905–1918. Dahomey, Côte d'Ivoire. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1995.
- Spitz, George. L'Ouest Afrique Français. Paris: Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1997.
- Stride, G. T., and Caroline Ifeka. Peoples and Empires of West Africa. New York: Africana, 1991.
- Suret-Canale, Jean. Afrique noire: occidentale et centrale, 2 vol. Paris: Editions Sociales, 1994 and 1968.
- Trimingham, John Spencer. Islam in West Africa. London: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Tymowski, Michal. Le Développement et al. régression chez les peuples de la boucle du Niger à l'époque précoloniale. Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 1974.
- Vignes, K. "Etude sur la rivalité d'influence entre les puissances européennes en Afrique équatoriale et occidentale depuis l'acte général de Berlin jusqu'au seuil du XXe siècle," Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer, vol. 48, no. 1 (1961), pp. 5–95.
- Wallerstein, Immanuel M. "How Seven States Were Born in Former French West Africa," Africa Report, vol. 4, no. 3 (March 1961).
- Westermann, Diedrich, and Margaret A Bryan. The Languages of West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1952.
- Weygand, Général Maxime. Histoire de l'armée française. Paris: Flammarion, 1953.
