![cover image](https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Desembocadura_del_Ebro.jpg/640px-Desembocadura_del_Ebro.jpg&w=640&q=50)
Base level
Lowest limit for erosion processes / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In geology and geomorphology a base level is the lower limit for an erosion process.[1] The modern term was introduced by John Wesley Powell in 1875.[1] The term was subsequently appropriated by William Morris Davis who used it in his cycle of erosion theory.[1][2] The "ultimate base level" is the surface that results from projection of the sea level under landmasses.[1] It is to this base level that topography tends to approach due to erosion, eventually forming a peneplain close to the end of a cycle of erosion.[3][4][5][6]
![Thumb image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Desembocadura_del_Ebro.jpg/320px-Desembocadura_del_Ebro.jpg)
There are also lesser structural base levels where erosion is delayed by resistant rocks.[1] Examples of this include karst regions underlain by insoluble rock.[7] Base levels may be local when large landmasses are far from the sea or disconnected from it, as in the case of endorheic basins.[1] An example of this is the Messinian salinity crisis, in which the Mediterranean Sea dried up making the base level drop more than 1000 m below sea level.[8][9]
The height of a base level also influences the position of deltas and river terraces.[1] Together with river discharge and sediment flux the position of the base level influences the gradient, width and bed conditions in rivers.[10] A relative drop in base level can trigger re-adjustments in river profiles including knickpoint migration and abandonment of terraces leaving them "hanging".[11] Base level fall is also known to result in progradation of deltas and river sediment at lakes or sea.[12] If the base level falls below the continental shelf, rivers may form a plain of braided rivers until headward erosion penetrates enough inland from the shelfbreak.[12]
When base levels are stable or rising rivers may aggrade.[12] Rising base levels may also drown the lower courses of rivers creating rias. This happened in the Nile during the Zanclean flood when its lower course became, in a relatively short time, a large estuary extending up to 900 km inland from the Mediterranean coast.[9]
Base level change may be related to the following factors:
- Sea level change[1]
- Tectonic movement[1]
- River capture[1]
- Extensive sedimentation[13]