Banja Luka incident

The Banja Luka incident, on 28 February 1994, was an incident in which six Republika Srpska Air Force J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack jets were engaged, and four of them shot down, by NATO warplanes from the United States Air Force. U.S. F-16 fighters southwest of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina successfully engaged and destroyed several Bosnian Serb warplanes which had attacked a Bosnian factory, while suffering no casualties of their own. It marked the first active combat action, air-to-air or otherwise, in NATO's history.^[5]

Banja Luka incident
Part of the Bosnian War and Operation Deny Flight
Artist's depiction of the incident
Date 28 February 1994 Location Southwest of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 44°32′8.54″N 16°34′57.42″E Result NATO victory
Belligerents
Republika Srpska	NATO  United States
Strength
6 J-21 Jastrebs 2 J-22 Oraos	4+ F-16s
Casualties and losses
4 aircraft shot down[1][a] 1 aircraft crashed[3][4] 3 pilots killed 1 wounded	None

Bombing of Novi Travnik

In February 1994, the 526th Fighter Squadron, "Black Knights", based at Ramstein AB, Germany, was attached to the 401st Operations Group (Provisional) operating out of Aviano AB, Italy, as part of NATO's Operation Deny Flight enforcing the no-fly zone put in place.^[6] On 28 February, a flight of two 526th F-16s, "Knight 25" and "Knight 26", were crossing over Croatian airspace to conduct Close Air Support training near Sarajevo, Bosnia, when they detected six unidentified radar contacts eastbound in the No Fly Zone. These contacts were not immediately visible to the NATO AWACS aircraft flying over Hungarian territory because of distance and hilly terrain. After several minutes, AWACS was able to establish contact south of Banja Luka at 6:35 a.m. Two other 526th Squadron F-16s, Black 03 and Black 04, were vectored to the area and intercepted six J-21 Jastreb and two J-22 Orao aircraft that were bombing the "Bratstvo" military factory at Novi Travnik.^[7] The Serb aircraft became aware of the F-16s just before the bombing run, but completed their mission unabated. The Oraos package was diverted to Bugojno, where they successfully hit the "Slavko Rodić" military factory. The two Oraos managed to land at Udbina before the F-16s on patrol could track them.^[8][9]

In accordance with the UN and NATO rules of engagement, orders to "land or exit the no-fly zone or be engaged" were issued twice, but both warnings were ignored. While warnings were issued, the violating aircraft dropped bombs over their target, which was left in flames. In such circumstances NATO has a "single key", meaning that only one clearance was needed, so the Combined Air Operations Center was immediately able to clear the F-16s to attack.^[10]

Air engagement

The Bosnian Serb Jastrebs headed northwards, back to their base. At 6:45 a.m., the NATO fighters engaged their opponents. Captain Robert G. Wright fired an AIM-120 AMRAAM, downing the first Jastreb which was flying at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The remaining Jastrebs dropped to a few hundred metres, flying at low level to use the mountainous terrain to hide from radar and make their escape back to Udbina. Wright pressed on, closing to within AIM-9 Sidewinder range. He engaged two aircraft with heat-seeking Sidewinder missiles, shooting them both down.

After he had expended all his missiles and low on fuel, Wright handed over the chase to his wingman, Capt. Scott O'Grady, who had been flying 'top cover' above his flight leader. O'Grady dropped down to engage and fired an AIM-9M; the missile locked on and a near explosion of the warhead triggered by the proximity fuse severely damaged the tail of the targeted Jastreb. Black flight was now approaching "bingo fuel", the point at which a plane will not have enough fuel to return, so they pulled off to refuel from a KC-135 Stratotanker circling in orbit over the Adriatic.

At the same time the other pair of F-16Cs, "Knight 25" and "Knight 26",^[11] had been vectored to the area by the AWACS. At 6:50 a.m., "Knight 25", piloted by Capt. Steve "Yogi" Allen, managed to get in behind a single Jastreb flying at a very low altitude. He launched a Sidewinder, downing another J-21 Jastreb. Knight 25 flight turned back hard to the south, where Knight 26, Col. John "Jace" Meyer, established radar lock on another aircraft fleeing to the northwest. After a minute of pursuit, radar contact was lost and the flight broke off the attack. Low on fuel, Knight 25 and 26 returned to the tanker over the Adriatic. After refueling, they resumed combat air patrol over Bosnia. Two remaining Serb aircraft were able to land as they ran out of fuel at Udbina Air Base in the Serbian Krajina in present-day Croatia.^[12][10]

The USAF credited three kills to Captain Robert Gordon "Wilbur" Wright,^[13] flying F-16C-40 #89-2137/RS,^[14] using an AIM-120 AMRAAM and two AIM-9 Sidewinders; and one kill using an AIM-9 Sidewinder to Captain Stephen L. "Yogi" Allen^[15] flying F-16C-40 #89-2009/RS^[16] of the same unit. The Bosnian Serbs acknowledged the loss of five aircraft in the incident; the discrepancy probably stems from the fact that an additional aircraft crashed after being hit by a missile explosion^[17] while trying to escape in low-level flight.^[18]

This engagement was the first wartime action conducted by NATO forces since its formation in 1949.

Aftermath

Eight days later, on March 8, a Spanish Air Force CASA C-212 transport plane ferrying military personnel for UNPROFOR from Zagreb to Split was hit in the tail by what was reported to be a Soviet-made SA-7 MANPADS missile several miles east of Rijeka, near Serb-occupied Krajina. The tail control surfaces were damaged, the left engine failed, and four military passengers (from the US, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands) were injured by shrapnel and splinters.^[19]

The crew landed the aircraft at Rijeka Airport, and Spanish technicians were able to repair the aircraft's damage and bring it back to service in 48 hours.^[20] The incident, which according to NATO took place in a zone under Croat control,^[21] may have been a Bosnian Serb response to the 28 February shootdowns.^[22][23] Though it failed to name a perpetrator, NATO labeled the incident a "provocation", while Croat defence officials blamed "Serb terrorists" and claimed that two missiles were fired at the aircraft.^[21]

Bosnian Serb pilots

The Bosnian Serb pilots involved in the incident were:

• Capt. 1st Class Ranko Vukmirović^[18] †
• Capt. 1st Class Zvezdan Pešić^[18] †
• Capt. 1st Class Goran Zarić^[18] ejected at low altitude, †
• Maj. Uroš Studen^[18] ejected near Jajce, survived.
• Capt. 1st Class Zlatko Mikerević^[18] ejected probably near the villages of Bravsko and Crkveno, 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Ključ, survived.
• Capt. 1st Class Zlatan Crnalić^[18] landed at Udbina Airport with his J-21 Jastreb Sr.nr. 24275 badly damaged; the aircraft later re-entered service.

See also

• Bosnia and Herzegovina portal

• Mrkonjić Grad incident

Notes

1. Only 4^[2] recognized by AFSOUTH, NATO, and the USAF.

References

1. "USAF F-16s shoot down 4 Serb attack aircraft – F-16 News". f-16.net.
2. AFSOUTH Fact sheets Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
3. Serbian officially admitted 5 Aircraft lost
4. "Hronika Republike Srpske Krajine www.krajinaforce.com". krajinaforce.com.
5. "First NATO Military Action".
6. Beale, Michael O. (August 1997). "Bombs over Bosnia The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina" (PDF). Air University Press. pp. 19–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2024.
7. Tucker, Spencer (2012). Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 2180. ISBN 978-1-59884-530-3.
8. Borojević, Danko; Ivić, Dragi; Ubović, Željko (2016). Vazduhoplovne snage bivših republika SFRJ 1992—2015 [Air Forces of the former Republics SFRJ 1992—2015] (in Serbian). Ruma Štampa. p. 341. ISBN 978-86-86031-23-5.
9. Dimitrijevic, Bojan (2021). Operation Deliberate Force: Air War Over Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-1995. Helion. p. 62. ISBN 9781913336301.
10. Haulman, Daniel L. "MANNED AIRCRAFT LOSSES OVER THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, 1994- 1999" (PDF). Airmen at War. Air Force Historical Research Agency. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2024.
11. Call sign of the aircraft
12. Owen, Robert C. (1997). Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaign. Maxwell Air Base, Alabama: Air University Press. p. 405.
13. Capt. Robert G. Wright nickname (sometimes a.k.a. Capt. Bob G. Wright)
14. "Airframe Details for F-16 #89-2137". f-16.net.
15. Capt. Stephen L. Allen nickname (sometimes a.k.a. Capt. Steve L. Allen)
16. "Airframe Details for F-16 #89-2009". f-16.net.
17. "See the aircraft's tail picture on Bushev F-16 u praksi". Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
18. Lista gubitaka/ostecenja vazduhoplova u Ex-JRV od 1945 godine do danas
19. "La OTAN considera una "provocación" el ataque a un avión militar español". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). 1994-03-09. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
20. "Ejército del aire. Ala 37". www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
21. El País, 9 March 1994
22. Air Defense Artillery. U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery School. 1996. p. 19.
23. Vinuesa, Arturo (2002). El conflicto de los Balcanes y la seguridad común europea (in Spanish). Editorial Fundamentos. p. 190. ISBN 978-84-245-0927-9.

Further reading

• Philip Handleman, Combat in the Sky: The Art of Air Warfare, Zenith Press 2003. ISBN 978-0-7603-1468-5.

External links

• 31st Fighter Wing^[usurped]
• STING OF THE BLACK VIPER
• TRIPLE OVER THE BALKANS