April 9, 1959: The Mercury Seven astronauts are introduced. Pictured front row, Wally Schirra, Deke Slayton, John Glenn and Scott Carpenter, and back row, Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom and Gordon Cooper
After the Soviet Union restricted travel of American diplomats, the U.S. did the same for the Soviets in America.[1]
The Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight, chaired by Harry J. Goett of the Ames Research Center, was created to assist NASA in long-range planning and basic research on human spaceflight. The Goett Committee would meet for the first time on May 25 to concentrate on NASA's long-range objectives, particularly the issue of a flight program to follow Project Mercury. H. Kurt Strass of the Space Task Group (STG) at Langley Field envisioned that the next project would include an enlarged Mercury capsule to place two astronauts in orbit for three days, or accompanied by a large cylindrical structure to support a two-week mission.[2]
The Navajo Nation Supreme Court came into existence, along with a set of district courts with jurisdiction in Navajo territory in Arizona and New Mexico.[3]
A U.S. Air Force cargo plane crashed at Orting, Washington, killing all four of the crew on board. Witnesses reported that the C-118 had collided with another object in midair, and the incident has become part of UFO lore.[4] The pilot, Lt. Robert R. Dimmick, radioed, "We have hit something, or something has hit us", moments before the crash.[5]
The Soviet Union's Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs advised the Russian Orthodox patriarch of new measures to reduce the number of convents, followed by property and income tax increases on the convents.[6]
NASA completed the selection of seven men as astronauts for Project Mercury.[7] Originally planning to pick only six men, the STG screened 508 records and found 110 candidates who met the minimum standards. STG interviewed 69, invited 32 to go through tests and then narrowed the number down to 18. Deputy Administrator Robert Gilruth suggested picking the seven finalists with the most flying experience.[8]
At the same meeting, prospective bidders from 20 companies were briefed on construction of the worldwide tracking range for Project Mercury. The preliminary plan called for an orbital mission tracking network of 14 sites. Contacts had not been made with the governments of any proposed locations except for Bermuda. All sites would have facilities for telemetry, voice communications with the pilot, and teletype (wire or radio) communications with centers in the United States for primary tracking. The tracking sites would provide the Mercury Control Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, with trajectory predictions; landing-area predictions; and vehicle, systems, and pilot conditions.[7]
After the initial meeting with contractors, plans were made for the Project Mercury animal payload program with monkeys used to cover nine flights, involving four different rocket launch vehicles (Little Joe, Redstone, Jupiter and Atlas). [7]
A superbolt, more powerful than an ordinary lightning bolt, struck a cornfield near Leland, Illinois, leaving a crater 1 foot (0.30m) deep, and breaking windows in homes almost 1 mile (1.6km) away.[9]
Born:Juha Kankkunen, Finnish rally car driver and four-time world champion; in Laukaa
Vito Genovese, New York Mafia don and boss of the Genovese Crime Family, was convicted on federal narcotics conspiracy charges, but was released three days later after posting $150,000 bond.[10]
In a speech at Gettysburg College, U.S. PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower announced the first American commitment to keeping South Vietnam as a separate, non-Communist nation. "We reach the inescapable conclusion", said Eisenhower, "that our own national interests demand some help from us in sustaining in Vietnam the morale, the economic progress, and the military strength necessary to its continued existence in freedom."[12]
At the Southmoor Hotel in Chicago, black nationalist S.A. Davis, Chairman of the Joint Council of Repatriation, and eight of his associates met with George Lincoln Rockwell, white supremacist, and two of his associates in the American Nazi Party, to discuss a joint resolution in support of government-supported "repatriation" of African-Americans to a homeland on the African continent.[13]
Texas A&M University won in its fight against admitting women as students, as the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed an appeal by two women from a state court decision.[15]
Hal Holbrook began his career of portraying a retired author, with his first performance of Mark Twain Tonight! at the Forty-first Street Theatre in Manhattan.[17]
The "escudo" was created as the new currency of the South American nation of Chile, with the signing by President Jorge Alessandri of Law 13,305 in response to runaway inflation. The new escudo was worth 1,000 old pesos, which would be completely replaced by January 1, 1960. The "new peso" would replace the Chilean escudo on September 29, 1975, at a rate of one new peso for every 1,000 escudos (or every one million "old pesos").
In Washington, the National Safety Council first warned parents about the risk of suffocation posed by plastic bags, particularly those used by dry cleaners.[18] The AMA, as well as a trade association of dry-cleaning stores, joined in the warning. In January, Dr. Paul B. Jarrett of Phoenix had begun a campaign to educate the public after five children had suffocated in the previous year.[19]
For the first time, a radar signal was sent between the Earth and the Sun. A team led by Dr. Von R. Eshleman, Lt. Col. Robert C. Barthle, and Dr. Philip B. Gallagher, transmitted the beam from Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and received the return 17 minutes later. The morning experiments were repeated on April 10 and April 12, and the data was published in the journal Science on February 5, 1960.[21]
By a margin of 386,845 to 314,380 voters in Oklahoma elected to repeal the state's constitutional prohibition on the sale of alcohol, leaving Mississippi as the only dry American state. Liquor sales began on September 1.[22]
The town of Jackpot, Nevada, was founded. Located a few miles south of the border with Idaho, the gambling center was created after Idaho banned gambling.[23]
Israel created the first Holocaust Memorial Day by vote of the Knesset in Tel Aviv, to be observed on the 27th day of Nisan, which fell on May 5 in 1959. If the 27th falls on a Friday, the observation is held on the 26th. In 2009, Nisan 27 was on April 21.[24]
The Philippine government began use of the presidential yacht, the R.P.S. Lapu-Lapu (PY-77).[25]
Grace Hopper and others met at the University of Pennsylvania to discuss a computer programming language that would be more applicable to programming for business than FORTRAN. Following the meeting, a task force overseen by Hopper created COmmon Business Oriented Language, or COBOL.[26]
The first hijacking of an airliner to Cuba took place after six Haitian rebels killed the pilot of a Coahata Airlines flight bound from Aux Cayes to Port-au-Prince, then flew the DC3 to Havana.[32]
Actor George Reeves, who portrayed Superman on television, was injured when the brakes failed on his Jaguar automobile, and he crashed into a light pole near his home in Beverly Hills. Reeves suffered regular headaches after the accident, and would die from a gunshot wound on June 16.[35]
April 10, 1959: Crown Prince Akihito marries Michiko Shōda in Japan's royal wedding30-yen commemorative stamp
Japan's Crown PrinceAkihito married Michiko Shōda in a 15-minute Shinto ceremony, at 10:00 a.m. in Tokyo.[37] She was the first commoner to marry into the Imperial House of Japan. After the wedding, Kensetsu Makayama, 19, tried to climb into the royal coach after throwing a rock at the couple.[38]
Thirty-four people, mostly children, were killed by a bomb left over from World War II. Fishermen had retrieved the 500-pound (230kg) weapon from a sunken ship in Lingayen Gulf near Dagupan in the Philippines, and were taking apart the device while curious onlookers watched.[39]
Died:Leonard Shockley, 17, became the last juvenile to be executed in the United States. Shockley, who was 16 when he committed a murder by cutting the throat of a shopkeeper, was put to death in the gas chamber at the Maryland State Penitentiary at 10:02 pm.[41] For nearly 40 years, he would also be the last person to be executed for a crime committed as a minor. On February 4, 1999, Sean Sellers would be put to death in Oklahoma for a 1985 murder committed when he was 16.[42]
Bill Pickering, director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, announced America's plans for a crewed lunar mission "within the next 5 to 10 years". Speaking to a group of Caltech alumni, Pickering said that the Nova rocket, once perfected, would "be able to transport two or three men to the moon and return them to earth."[43]
The body of former Haitian presidential candidate Clement Jumelle was hijacked from the funeral procession in Port-au-Prince. It has been speculated that Haitian dictator François Duvalier wanted to use the brain in a voodoo ceremony.[44]
The myth of the Chinese word for "crisis" was perpetuated by Senator John F. Kennedy, who said, "When written in Chinese, the word crisis is composed of two characters—one represents danger and the other represents opportunity."[45]
NASA's STG conducted the second full-scale beach abort test on Wallops Island. After a deliberate thrust misalignment of 1 inch (25mm) was programmed into the escape combination, the test was fully successful. Two further tests were conducted the next day. [7]
The United States and Britain asked the Soviet Union to join in a moratorium on above-ground nuclear weapons testing.[46][47]
Singer Mario Lanza gave his final concert, in Kiel, West Germany. He would die on October 7 of the same year.[48]
The United States launched the Discoverer II satellite from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 1:20 pm. The capsule was successfully ejected but lost after a timing error sent it to Norway rather than Hawaii.
The Robert A. Taft Memorial, a carillon with 27 bells, was dedicated in Washington. President Eisenhower and former president Hoover delivered remarks before a crowd of 5,000 people.[50]
The Atlas D missile was launched from Cape Canaveral in its first test. With a range of 10,360 miles (16,670km), the missile could travel farther than any previously produced in the United States. The rocket exploded soon after launch, as did two other Atlas D launches, until succeeding on July 29, 1959.[51]
The Grumman OV-1 Mohawk, built as the U.S. Army's reconnaissance airplane, made its first flight.[52]
Four men hijacked a Cuban airliner to the United States. They landed the plane at 8:55 a.m. in Miami.
Fidel Castro arrived in Washington for an 11-day tour of the United States.[53]
Hundreds turned out in Oklahoma City to see whether Otis T. Carr would launch a flying saucer to fly 400 feet (120m) off the ground.[55] Carr rescheduled the launch several times, but it never took place.
The United States deployed the first Thor missiles in Great Britain, under the command of Royal Air Force crews. The nuclear warheads on the missiles remained under American control.[56]
At an altitude of 11,700 metres (38,400ft), an Air France flight from Paris to Dijon lost power 265 kilometres (165mi) from its destination. The crew glided the plane the rest of the way.[57]
NASA asked the U.S. Air Force to furnish two TF-102B and two T-33 aircraft for the Project Mercury astronauts for training in order to maintain their proficiency in high performance aircraft.[7]
Voters in Harlem Heights, a neighborhood near Chicago, elected in a referendum to incorporate as the city of Palos Heights, Illinois.[58]
Rioters at the Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge took 16 guards and 7 other people hostage. The disturbance broke out at 4:30. Two hostages were released the next day.[59]
Twenty-six people died in the crash of a Mexican C-46 airplane, en route from Mexicali to Guayama. The Tigres Voladores Airlines plane exploded in midair as it made its approach.
At 3:45a.m., fifty members of the Montana National Guard stormed the Montana State Prison at Deer Lodge, rescued the 16 remaining hostages, and ended the prison revolt there after 36 hours.[63]
For the first time in Switzerland's history, a woman was allowed to cast a vote. Although the nation's male voters had rejected universal suffrage on February 1, the Swiss canton of Vaud approved female participation in local elections. Mrs. Ida Pidoux became the first woman to exercise the new right, casting a ballot for candidates of her choice in Oulens-sur-Lucens.[64]
The Ilyushin Il-18, a turboprop airliner that could carry 95 passengers, was put into service by the Soviet national airline, Aeroflot.[68][69]
Promo for the CBS pilot
The pilot for what would become the ABC television series The Untouchables was first shown, appearing in the first of two installments as part of the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse anthology series CBS. The show was based on the autobiography of retired federal agent Eliot Ness, whose role was played by actor Robert Stack.[70] The ABC network picked up the contract to make a regular series that would premiere on October 15.
Died:Morris K. Jessup, 59, American mathematician, astronomer, and authority on UFOs, was found dead in his car from carbon monoxide poisoning, an apparent suicide,[71] although some conspiracy theorists believe that he was murdered.[72]
Alfred Dean set a record by catching a 2,664-pound (1,208kg) great white shark off the coast of Ceduna, South Australia.[73]
The tradition of a cannon firing at noon in Rome was started again after a 20-year hiatus.[74]
In a game between the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago White Sox, the Sox scored 11 runs in the seventh inning on only one base hit, and went on to win 20–6. John Callison singled to bring in two players who had reached base on Athletics' errors. After the bases were loaded, eight other players (including Callison) scored from third base by a player being walked, while another scored from third after a batter was struck by a pitch.[75]
In 1955, Florence Houteff, whose husband Victor had founded the Branch Davidian sect in Waco, Texas, had predicted that God would establish the Kingdom of Palestine on April 22, 1959. The prophecy failed, but the Davidians continued, dying in a fire at Waco in 1993.[76][77]
Norman Rosen filed a patent for the meshcrib bumper, designed to prevent infant suffocation by providing an alternative to the traditional cloth or vinyl sides within a crib. Rosen would receive U.S. Patent No. 3,018,492 on January 30, 1962, for his invention.[78]
Mercury spacecraft and escape system configuration
In a meeting at Langley, NASA officials concluded that the tower configuration was the best escape system for the Mercury spacecraft and development would proceed using this concept. [7]
The second of two recording dates of Miles Davis' Kind of Blue at Columbia Records' 30th Street Studio in New York City.
Born:
Terry Francona, American baseball player, coach, and manager who led the Boston Red Sox to win baseball's World Series in 2004 and 2007, and was recognized as the American League's Manager of the Year in 2013, 2016, and 2022); in Aberdeen, South Dakota[79]
The press secretary for Ernesto de la Guardia, the President of Panama, charged that American actor John Wayne was financing an attempt by Roberto Arias to overthrow the government there. Wayne dismissed the accusations as ridiculous, and noted, "Roberto never talked politics, and I never heard him say anything about overthrowing the Panamanian government."[81]
The bond graph was invented, described as "one of the most effective and most elegant tools for modeling system dynamics".[83]
DeMarquis D. Wyatt, NASA's Assistant to the Director of Space Flight Development, testified before Congress]] in support of a request for $3 million in Fiscal Year 1960 for research into techniques and problems of space rendezvous, which would be a goal of Project Gemini.[84][85]
Died:Omaha, 27, American thoroughbred racehorse and winner of the 1935 Triple Crown, died at the age of 24 on a farm in Nebraska City, Nebraska. The horse was buried somewhere on the Ak-Sar-Ben Raceway grounds, but the location has been lost.[87]
The St. Lawrence Seaway opened at 8:00 a.m.. The icebreaker D'Iberville was at the front of 70 ships that would sail from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Ontario, starting at Montreal. At the same time, 600 miles (970km) away in Ogdensburg, New York, 19 cargo ships began the journey from the other end of the seaway. The project had taken five years and cost $475,000,000 with a majority of the funding from Canada.[88] The Seaway was dedicated on June 26, 1959.
In Poplarville, Mississippi, a lynch mob kidnapped 23-year-old Mack Charles Parker from his jail cell.[90] His body was found on May 4 in the Pearl River, where he was thrown after being tortured and killed.
A force of about 80 rebels invaded Panama from the Caribbean Sea in an attempt to overthrow the government there. Although Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro denounced the attack along with other OAS members, it was alleged that he had sponsored the attack.[91]
Reds pitcher Willard Schmidt became the first major league baseball player to be hit by a pitch twice in the same inning in a game against the Milwaukee Braves, once by Lew Burdette and once by Bob Rush. Later, he was struck by a line drive hit by Johnny Logan. Only two other major leaguers have repeated the result, Frank Thomas of the Mets in 1962, and Brady Anderson in 1999.[92]
At 7:00a.m. Eastern time, NBC's national broadcasts were shut down by a walkout of engineering personnel. The dispute arose over the planned airing of a Today show segment that had been recorded without union personnel. Programming resumed three hours later.[95]
The radio program One Man's Family was broadcast for the last time, after 27 years on NBC radio.[96]
The seven Project Mercury astronauts reported for duty and their training program was undertaken immediately.[7] Actual training began the next day. Within 3 months the astronauts were acquainted with the various facets of the Mercury program. [7]
Former President Harry S Truman told students at Columbia University that he had made the decision to drop nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and on Nagasaki because an invasion would have cost millions of lives.[citation needed]
The Vatican announced that Roman Catholics worldwide would receive dispensation to eat meat on Friday during the May Day holiday.[98]
The U.S. Senate confirmed Clare Boothe Luce as ambassador to Brazil by a 79–11 vote, in spite of efforts by Senator Wayne Morse to block the nomination. In thanking the Senate, Mrs. Luce then caused an uproar when she said in a statement, "My difficulties, of course, go some years back and began when Senator Wayne Morse was kicked in the head by a horse",[99] referring to a 1951 accident in which the Senator's jaw had been broken, and calls were made for her resignation. Ambassador Luce quit on May 1.[100] During the debate, Senator Everett Dirksen made a memorable gaffe in defending Mrs. Luce, saying "Why thresh old straws or beat an old bag of bones?"[101][102]
The crash of an Iberia Airlines DC-3 killed all 28 people on board, including Joaquín Blume, 25, the 1957 European gymnastics champion. Blume and four other gymnasts had boarded the flight in Barcelona en route to Madrid and were scheduled to compete in a meet in the Canary Islands. Flying in a storm, the twin-engine plane struck the side of the 5,900-foot (1,800m) high Toba Peak in the Sierra de Valdemeca range, at a location near the city of Cuenca.[103]
The Florianturm, a 720-foot (220-meter) television tower, opened in Dortmund, West Germany, to coincide with an international horticultural festival. Opening that day at the 450-foot (140m) level was the world's first revolving restaurant.[106][107]
McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Franklin P. (2007). Youth Violence and Delinquency: Juvenile Treatment and Crime Prevention. University of South Carolina Press. p.172.
Jonathan Vankin and John Whalen, The 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time: History's Biggest Mysteries, Coverups, and Cabals (Citadel Press, 2004) pp620–621
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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