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The following is a list of regions of Ancient Anatolia, also known as "Asia Minor," in the present day Anatolia region of Turkey in Western Asia.
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| Ancient Regions of Anatolia | |
Regions of ancient Anatolia. Borders drawn along the Euphrates and Armenian Highlands in the east, Taurus Mountains, Amanus Mountains (today's Nur Mountains) and Mediterranean Sea in the south and south-east, Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) to the north, and Aegean Sea, Propontis (Marmara sea), Bosphorus and Thrace in the west. Also can include nearby offshore islands like Cyprus, Lesbos, Chios, Icaria, Samos and Rhodes. | |
| Location | Northwestern Middle East |
- Alasiya / Alashiya (later Cyprus in the Classical Age, to the south of mainland Anatolia or Asia Minor)
- Assuwa, roughly most part of West Asia Minor / Anatolia, it was a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states that formed some time before 1400 BC (may have been the origin of the name Asia)
- Adadura
- Alatra
- Assuwa Proper'
- Dura
- Dunda
- Ḥalluwa
- Ḥuwallušiya
- Karakisa / Karkiya (later Caria in the Classical Age)
- Kispuwa
- Kuruppiya
- Land of Mount Pahurina
- Luissa, a name ending in -luišša (or the whole name Luišša)
- Lukka / Lugga (later Lycia in the Classical Age)
- Parista
- Pasuhalta
- Taruisa (later Troas / Troad? in the Classical Age) (Wilusa / Wilusiya was the capital, has been identified with the city called Ilion / Troy by the Greeks)
- Unaliya
- Waršiya / Waršiyalla (Warsiya / Warsiyalla)
- Arzawa, roughly part of West Asia Minor / Anatolia, it was formed in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from the late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century BC). Contemporary to Assuwa in Western Anatolia (capital was known as Apasa by the Hittites, later called Ephesos by the Greeks).
- Arzawa Proper, may have been the classical region called Lydia or Maeonia, the then capital was known as Apasa by the Hittites, later called Ephesos by the Greeks, Classical Age capital of Lydia or Maeonia was Sardis and not Ephesus that was then a Greek city.
- Included several of the same regions or lands as the Assuwa League but not the ones that are mentioned below:
- Known western Anatolian late-Bronze Age regions and/or political entities which, to date, have not been cited as having been part of the Arzawa complex are:
- Karkiya (later Caria in the Classical Age) (one of its main coastal cities was called Millawanda by the Hittites, later called Miletos by the Greeks)
- Lukka / Lugga (later Lycia in the Classical Age)
- Masa / Land of Masa (later Mysia? in the Classical Age)
- Hittite Arzawa / Hittite Assuwa, formed by three western provinces (after Hittite Empire conquest), roughly most of Asia Minor / Anatolia, it was almost identical to the "Assuwa League" lands or regions, more than to Arzawa, that seems to have been smaller and less powerful.
- Hapalla / Haballa (Eastern Arzawa - may have been the upper Sangarios river (today's Sakarya) basin, and the classical regions or parts of east Phrygia, western Galatia and also Masa or Mysia)
- Mira / Mira-Kuwaliya (Southern Arzawa - Caria, bordered by [or containing parts of] Lukka / Lycia)
- Caria
- Zippasla
- Lukka / Lycia
- Kuwaliya (later Cabalia in the Classical Age) (Kuwaliya > *Kubaliya > Kabaliya - Cabalia)
- Siyanta / Siyanda
- Caria
- Seha / Seha River Land (Northern Arzawa - Lydia or Maeonia, Seha probably was the river that Greeks called Hermos, today's Gediz, flowed)
- Sardis ( Lydian: 𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣 Sfard; City on Hermos River. May share etymology with Seha)
- Lazpa (later Lesbos Island in the Classical Age)
- Lydia / Maeonia
- Azzi-Hayasa / Hayasa-Azzi (later Lesser Armenia / Armenia Minor? in the Classical Age)
- Hatti / Land of Hatti (Broad Sense - Central Anatolia including the lands that were Hittite or Nesite speaking at the height of the Hittite Empire and was also used as synonym of Hittite Empire and countries and regions, lands, ruled by it)
- Hatti / Land of Hatti (Narrow Sense - Ancient country or land of Central Anatolia defined by the Halys river bend, called Marassanta or Marassantiya by the Hittites) (it was the core land of the Hittite empire and was also used as synonym of Hittite Empire and countries and regions ruled by it) (later it was part of Cappadocia and West Pontus)
- Hattusa (capital of the Hittite Empire for longest time)
- Katerra Udnē ("Lowland" in Hittite) (Plateau of Central Anatolia) (later mostly part of Cappadocia and may have included some parts of Lycaonia or not, Lycaonia was mostly Luwian speaking or to a more closely related language and not Hittite / Nesite speaking) (German name on the map: Unteres Land) (Katerra Udnē was possibly related to the name Katta Peda - "Place Below" or "Place Down", from katta - "below" or "down", and peda - "place", that originated the name Cappadocia through the possible phonetic change - Katt(a)-peda > *Kat-peda > *Kat-pata > *Kat-patu + ka > Kat-patuka > *Kappaduka, borrowed to Greek as Kappadokía)
- Purushanda (an important city in Katerra Udnē - Lowland)
- Kussara / Kusshara country in East Anatolia, south of the Marassantiya / Halys river, to the east of Nesa region or country.
- Nesa, original land of the Hittites / Nesites who called themselves by the name Nesumines - "(people) from Nesa" and their language Nesili - "(language) from Nesa". "Nesa" was the name not only of a city but also of a region or country south of the middle Marassantiya / Halys river course.
- Nesa city / Kanesh city, first capital of the Hittites and Hittite Empire, was the capital of the region of the same name.
- Sarazzi Udnē ("Highland" in Hittite) (Mountains of East Anatolia, especially the upper Marassantiya / Halys basin) (later part of Cappadocia, West Pontus and Lesser Armenia / Armenia Minor) (German name on the map: Oberes Land)
- Zalpa / Zalpuwa / "Land of Zalpa", region, country, on the Anatolian (Asia Minor) Black Sea / Pontus Euxinos coast (part of south coast of the Black Sea). Hittites called the Black Sea - "Zalpa Sea" or "Sea of Zalpa".
- Zalpa / Zalpuwa city, a yet undiscovered Bronze Age Anatolian city that was the capital of the region of the same name.
- Hatti / Land of Hatti (Narrow Sense - Ancient country or land of Central Anatolia defined by the Halys river bend, called Marassanta or Marassantiya by the Hittites) (it was the core land of the Hittite empire and was also used as synonym of Hittite Empire and countries and regions ruled by it) (later it was part of Cappadocia and West Pontus)
- Kaska / Kaska Land (East Pontus in the Classical Age) (country or region of the Kaska people, they could be descendants or related to the Hattians)
- Luwiya / Luwa (seems to have included most part of Southern and Southeastern Anatolia that was Luwian speaking) (it was related but not identical to Assuwa and its contemporary Arzawa in Western Anatolia)
- Hulaya (later Isauria? in the Classical Age)
- Isuwa (later Melitene and Sophene in the Classical Age) (Melid was its main centre)
- Kizzuwadna / Kizzuwatna (Luwian: Kizz Uwadna / Kizz Uwatna - "Land on this Side", from kizz - "on this side" and uwadna or uwatna - "land" or "country"; Hittite: Kez Udnē - "Land on this Side", from kez - "on this side" and udnē - "land" or "country") (later Cilicia Pedias / Cilicia Campestris in the Classical Age)
- Ḫiyawa / Adanawa, native names by the Luwians (Quwê for the Assyrians, Hume for the Babylonians, Keveh for ancient Israelites / Hebrews) (region or country and also post-Hittite Luwian state in the first millennium BC) (later part of Cilicia Pedias / Cilicia Campestris in the Classical Age). By the Hittites it was called Danuna / "Land of the Danuna", the region of Adana, Adaniya or Ataniya city and region, in Cilicia. It may have been the region where the people called Denyen by the ancient Egyptians, one of the Sea peoples, originally came from.
- Khilakku (region or country and also post-Hittite Luwian state in the first millennium BC) (later part of Cilicia Pedias / Cilicia Campestris in the Classical Age)
- Kurkuma (Gurgum) (region or country and also post-Hittite Luwian state in the first millennium BC)
- Tuwana / Tuwanuwa (later Tyanitis in the Classical Age)
- Tabal (region or country and also post-Hittite Luwian state in the first millennium BC) (Tuwana > *Tuwan(a) > *Tuwan > *Tuban > *Tubal > Tabal) (this name may have been the inspiration for the Old Hebrew name Tubal, son of Japheth, son of Noah, in the Bible)
- Tarhuntassa (later Cilicia Trachaea / Cilicia Aspera), Tarhuntassa was the name not only of a city but also of a region or country in south Anatolia.
- Tarhuntassa city, Tarhuntas Assa - "Tarhunt city" (one of the capitals of Hittite Empire in a country or region of the same name)
- Zanta Uwadna - Plateau of Central Anatolia. Luwian cognate and equivalent to Hittite Katerra Udnē - "Lowland" in Hittite (may have included some parts or most part of Lycaonia or not, Lycaonia was mostly Luwian speaking or to a more closely related language and not Hittite / Nesite speaking) (German name on the map: Unteres Land)
- Pala (for the Hittites seems to have included most part of Northern Asia Minor / Anatolia between rivers Marassantiya to the east, Sahiriya to the west and Zalpa Sea / Sea of Zalpa to the north, that was Palaic speaking) (later Paphlagonia in the Classical Age)
- Arawana
- Kalasma
- Kassiya
- Kasula
- Pala proper (later Paphlagonia in the Classical Age)
- Tumanna (later Domanitis? in the Classical Age)
- Aeolis (named after the Aeolian Greeks that colonized the region)
- Armenia Minor (Armenia west of the Euphrates river, geographically in Anatolia) (roughly corresponding to ancient Azzi-Hayasa or Hayasa-Azzi)
- Aeretice / Æretice
- Aetulane / Ætulane
- Orbalisene
- Orbesine
- Orsene
- Bithynia
- Cappadocia (a significant part roughly corresponding to ancient "Land of Hatti" or Hatti) (name possibly derived from the Hittite Katta Peda- - Place Below or Place Down, from katta - below or down and peda - place; possible phonetic change - Katt(a)-peda > *Kat-peda > *Kat-pata > *Kat-patu + ka > Kat-patuka > *Kappaduka, borrowed to Greek as Kappadokía)
- Bagadania / Bagadoania
- Chammamene / Chammanene
- Cataonia (broad sense) (During Achaemenid Persian Empire it was its own country or region and not part of Cappadocia)
- Cappadocian Cilicia / Mazakene (where Mazaka or Caesarea Mazaka was located; it is today's Kayseri) (Nesa was close)
- Garsaouritis / Garsauria
- Melitene / Miletene (During Achaemenid Persian Empire it was its own country or region and not part of Cappadocia)
- Morimene
- Pteria
- Saravene
- Tarbasthena
- Sargarausene
- Tyanitis (after Tyana city) (roughly corresponding to ancient Tuwana / Tuwanuwa region)
- Caria
- Peraea
- Cilicia
- Cilicia Pedias / Cilicia Campestris (roughly corresponding to ancient Kizzuwadna)
- Cilicia Trachaea / Cilicia Aspera (roughly corresponding to ancient Tarhuntassa) (later, Cilicia Aspera was included in Isauria)
- Cyprus (roughly corresponding to ancient Alasiya, part or the whole island)
- Doris (named after the Dorian Greeks that colonized the region)
- Galatia (named after the Galatians, a Celtic people, that arrived in Central Anatolia by the early 3rd century BC, it didn't exist until then and was made by Galatian conquests of parts of Phrygia and Cappadocia)
- Tolistobogii / Tolistobogioi subregion (Western Galatia) (where Gordion / Gordium, ancient Phrygian capital, was located, Pessinus was Tolisbogii capital)
- Tectosages subregion (Central Galatia) (where Ancyra was located, today's Ankara)
- Komodromos (was part of Cappadocia until Galatian conquest)
- Sanisene (was part of Cappadocia until Galatian conquest)
- Trocmi / Trokmoi subregion (Eastern Galatia) (where Tavium was located, close to ancient Hattusa)
- Ximene (was part of Cappadocia until Galatian conquest)
- Ionia (named after the Ionian Greeks that colonized the region)
- Isauria
- Lycaonia
- Antiochiana
- Axylos
- Lycia
- Lydia / Maeonia
- Mysia (Coastal Phrygia) (also known as Phrygia Hellespontica, or as Phrygia Epictetus after the annexation by the Kingdom of Pergamum) (roughly corresponding to ancient Masa)
- Phrygia Minor (northern part of Mysia)
- Lentiana
- Phrygia Maior / Phrygia Pergamene (southern part of Mysia)
- Abrettene
- Morene
- Olympene
- Teuthrania (sometimes included in Lydia) (Pergamon, that was capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon, was in this land)
- Phrygia Minor (northern part of Mysia)
- Pamphylia
- Paphlagonia (roughly corresponding to ancient Pala)
- Phrygia (Inland Phrygia)
- Pacatiana / Phrygia Pacatiana (Western Phrygia)
- Abbaitis (roughly corresponding to ancient Abbawiya or Appawiya)
- Azanitis
- Salutaris / Phrygia Salutaris (Eastern Phrygia)
- Pacatiana / Phrygia Pacatiana (Western Phrygia)
- Pisidia
- Paroreios / Parorea
- Pontus
- Western Pontus (During Achaemenid Persian Empire it was part of Cappadocia) (roughly corresponding to ancient "Land of Zalpa", Zalpa or Zalpuwa was its main centre)
- Chiliokomon
- Camisene / Kamisene / Comisene
- Colopene / Kolopene / Culupene / Calupene
- Daximonitis
- Diacopene
- Gadilonitis / Gazelonitis
- Phanaraea
- Phazemonitis
- Saramene
- Themiscyra
- Tibarenia (named after the Tibareni, believed to be of Scythian origin by several classical authors like Herodotus, Xenophon and Strabo)
- Eastern Pontus (roughly corresponding to ancient "Kaska Land", inhabited by the Kaska people) (inhabited by several peoples)
- Byzeria (named after the Byzeres)
- Chaldia (named after the Chalybes)
- Macronia (named after the Macrones, ancestors of Mingrelians, part of the Zan)
- Marria (named after the Marres)
- Moschia (named after the Moschi or Moschoi, who may have been a northern branch of the Eastern Mushki and related to Mysians and Armenians)
- Mossynoecia (named after the Mossynoeci)
- Sannia (named after the Sanni, ancestors of the Zan, including Mingrelians and Lazs)
- Western Pontus (During Achaemenid Persian Empire it was part of Cappadocia) (roughly corresponding to ancient "Land of Zalpa", Zalpa or Zalpuwa was its main centre)
- Troas / Troad (sometimes included in Mysia)
- Sigrene
Regions sometimes included in Anatolia
- Commagene (roughly corresponding to ancient Kummaha or Kummuh) (although it was on the south slope of the Taurus Mountains, it could be considered geographically in Anatolia / Asia Minor) (however it was administratively included in Roman Syria, far northern area, by the Roman Empire)
- Pieria (part of ancient Palistin) (although administratively in Roman Syria on the border area, it was on the west slope of the Amanus mountains, and sometimes it was included in Cilicia Pedias)
Note: Over time the regions did not always were the same and had the same size or the same borders and sometimes included different subregions, districts, divisions or parts or were united with others.
The names of many regions ended in "e" [e] that was the Eastern Greek (Attic Ionic Ancient Greek) equivalent to the Western Greek (Doric Greek) "a" [a] and also to the Latin "a" [a]. In Ancient Greek the "ph" represented the consonants p [p] and h [h] pronounced closely and not the f [f] consonant. In Ancient Greek the "y" represented the vowel [y] (ü) and not the semivowel [j] or the vowels [i] or [I].
The Themata were combined Military and Administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire) which replaced the Roman provincial system in the 7th-8th century and reached their height in the 9th and 10th centuries.[1]
- Aegean Sea (was a naval theme which included the modern Greek islands of Lesbos, Chios and the Cyclades; the coastal areas of Troad and Mysia, as well as the Hellespont or modern day Dardanelles and the Gallipoli Peninsula. Main cities included Abydos (Hellespont), Cyzicus and Kallipolis).
- Anatolic Theme
- Armeniac Theme
- Bucellarian Theme
- Cappadocia (theme)
- Chaldia Theme
- Charsianon
- Cibyrrhaeot Theme
- Cyprus (theme) (the island could be included in Asia Minor or Anatolia, although not continental)
- Koloneia (theme)
- Lykandos
- Mesopotamia (theme)
- Opsikion
- Optimatoi
- Paphlagonia (theme)
- Iberia (which incorporated the historical region of Phasiane)
- Samos (theme)
- Sebasteia (theme)
- Seleucia (theme)
- Thracesian Theme
Ducates or Catepanates (combined Military and Administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire) on border regions that included smaller Themata under the command of a Dux or Katepano)
- Ducate or Catepanate of Antioch
- Ducate or Catepanate of Chaldia
- Ducate or Catepanate of Mesopotamia
- Melitene
- Mesopotamia (roughly matching East Melitene)
- Keltzine (on the western banks of the Euphrates, on the Anatolian side)
Regions sometimes included in Anatolia
- Euphrates Cities (Pareuphratídai Póleis) (roughly matching ancient Commagene and part of the Catepanate of Mesopotamia)
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