Actinodaphne is an Asian genus of flowering plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae ). It contains approximately 125 species[1] of dioecious evergreen trees and shrubs.[2]
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Actinodaphne lancifolia
Species range across tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern China, Japan, New Guinea, Queensland, Solomon Islands, and Fiji.[1] There are 17 Chinese species, 13 of which are endemic.[2]
The trees are 3 to 25 m tall, with leaves usually clustered or nearly verticillate, rarely alternate or opposite, unlobed, pinninerved, and rarely triplinerved.
The flowers are star-shaped, small, and greenish. The flowers are clustered or whorled and are unisexual.[2]
Umbels are solitary or clustered or arranged in a panicle or raceme; involucral bracts are imbricated and caducous.
The perianth tube is short; perianth segments usually number six in two whorls of three each, nearly equal, and rarely persistent. The male flowers have fertile stamens usually 9 in three whorls of three each; filaments of the first and second whorls are eglandular, and of the third whorl are biglandular at the base; anthers are all introrse and four-celled; cells opening by lids; the rudimentary pistil is small or lacking.
The female flowers has staminodes as many as stamens of male flowers; the ovary is superior; the stigma is shield-shaped or dilated. The fruit is a berry-like drupe seated on shallow or deep, cup-shaped or discoid, perianth tube. It has a small single seed dispersed mostly by birds.
Actinodaphne species require continuously moist soil, and do not tolerate drought and frost.[ citation needed ]
The laurel trees fall within the broad-leaved forests; mid-montane deciduous forests; and high-montane mixed stunted forests. Some species grow in high-elevation forests at 1,500–3,300 m (4,900–10,800 ft) .
125 species of Actinodaphne are accepted. They include:[1]
Actinodaphne acuminata (Blume) Meisn. – central and southern Japan, Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan
Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne amabilis Kosterm. – Thailand
Actinodaphne ambigua Hook.f. – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne andamanica M.Gangop. – Andaman Islands
Actinodaphne angustifolia (Blume) Nees – Nepal to Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi
Actinodaphne apoensis (Elmer) Kosterm. ex Brambach & Pelser – Philippines (Mindanao).
Actinodaphne archboldiana C.K.Allen – New Guinea
Actinodaphne areolata Blume – Java
Actinodaphne bicolor (Merr.) Merr. – Philippines
Actinodaphne borneensis Meisn. – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble – southern India
Actinodaphne bourneae Gamble – southern India
Actinodaphne brassii C.K.Allen – Solomon Islands
Actinodaphne caesia Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne campanulata Hook.f. – southern India
Actinodaphne candolleana (Thwaites) Meisn. – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne celebica Miq. – Sulawesi
Actinodaphne cinerea Elmer – Philippines (Palawan)
Actinodaphne concinna Ridl. – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne concolor Nees – Myanmar
Actinodaphne corymbosa Blume – Sumatra
Actinodaphne crassa Hand.-Mazz. – China (Hunan)
Actinodaphne cupularis (Hemsl.) Gamble – southern China to Thailand
Actinodaphne diversifolia Merr. – Borneo
Actinodaphne dolichophylla (Merr.) Merr. – southern Philippines
Actinodaphne elegans Thwaites – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne ellipticbacca Kosterm. – northern Vietnam
Actinodaphne engleriana Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne ferruginea H.Liu – southern Vietnam
Actinodaphne forrestii (C.K.Allen) Kosterm. – southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou) and Vietnam
Actinodaphne fragilis Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne fuliginosa Airy Shaw – Borneo
Actinodaphne furfuracea Blume – Borneo
Actinodaphne glabra Blume – Borneo and Java
Actinodaphne glauca Nees – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne glaucina C.K.Allen – Hainan
Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi
Actinodaphne gracilis Miq. – Sumatra
Actinodaphne henryi Gamble – China (southern Yunnan) to northern Indochina
Actinodaphne hirsuta Blume – Java
Actinodaphne hypoleucophylla Hayata – southern China and central Taiwan
Actinodaphne intermedia (Elmer) Kosterm. ex Brambach & Pelser – Philippines
Actinodaphne javanica Miq. – Java
Actinodaphne johorensis Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne junghuhnii Stur – Sumatra
Actinodaphne kinabaluensis Kosterm. – Borneo
Actinodaphne koshepangii Chun ex Hung T.Chang – China (northwestern Guangdong and western Hunan)
Actinodaphne kostermansii S.Julia – Borneo (Sabah and Brunei)
Actinodaphne kweichowensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – China (southwest Guangxi and southwest Guizhou)
Actinodaphne lambirensis Tagane, Yahara & N.Okabe – Borneo (Sarawak)
Actinodaphne lanata Meisn. – southern India
Actinodaphne lanceolata Dalzell & A.Gibson – western India
Actinodaphne latifolia Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne lawsonii Gamble – southern India
Actinodaphne lecomtei C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, Guizhou, and northern Guangdong)
Actinodaphne ledermannii Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne leiophylla (Kurz) Hook.f. – southern Myanmar
Actinodaphne longipes Kosterm. – Nepal to eastern India, Vietnam
Actinodaphne macgregorii (Merr.) Kosterm. – Philippines and Solomon Islands
Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees – Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and Queensland
Actinodaphne macroptera Miq. – Andaman Islands and Sumatra
Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd. ex Hook.f. – southern India
Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook.f. – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne mansonii M.Gangop. – Myanmar
Actinodaphne menghaiensis J.Li – China (southern Yunnan)
Actinodaphne molochina Nees – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne moluccana Blume – Maluku
Actinodaphne montana Gamble – Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne moonii Thwaites – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne multiflora Benth. – Solomon Islands
Actinodaphne mushanensis (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan
Actinodaphne myriantha Merr. – Borneo
Actinodaphne nicobarica M.Gangop. – Nicobar Islands
Actinodaphne nitida Teschner – New Guinea and Solomon Islands
Actinodaphne notabilis Doweld – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne novoguineensis Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume – central Himalayas to China (southern and southeastern Yunnan)
Actinodaphne obscurinervia Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – China (eastern Sichuan)
Actinodaphne obtusa Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne oleifolia Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
Actinodaphne omeiensis (H.Liu) C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, Guizhou) and southwestern Thailand
Actinodaphne paotingensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – Hainan
Actinodaphne pauciflora Blume – Borneo
Actinodaphne pedunculata (Blume) Meisn. – southeastern China
Actinodaphne percoriacea S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne perglabra Kosterm. – eastern Thailand
Actinodaphne perlucida C.K.Allen – southern Vietnam
Actinodaphne pilosa (Lour.) Merr. – China (Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan), Laos, and Vietnam
Actinodaphne pisifera Hook.f. – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne procera Nees – Java and Nicobar Islands
Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
Actinodaphne pubescens Blume – Java
Actinodaphne pulchra Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne quercina Blume – Java
Actinodaphne ramosii Brambach & Pelser – Philippines
Actinodaphne rehderiana (C.K.Allen) Kosterm. ex Dao – northern Vietnam
Actinodaphne reticulata Meisn. – Assam
Actinodaphne ridleyi Gamble – Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia (Johor)
Actinodaphne robusta S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne rufescens Blume – Borneo
Actinodaphne rumphii Blume – Maluku
Actinodaphne salicina Meisn. – southern India
Actinodaphne samarensis (Merr.) Merr. – southern Philippines
Actinodaphne scleroptera Miq. – Sumatra
Actinodaphne semengohensis S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. & Thomson ex Meisn. – Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Andaman Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo
Actinodaphne shendurunii Robi & Udayan – India (Kerala)
Actinodaphne sikkimensis Meisn. – Nepal to eastern India, Myanmar, and Thailand
Actinodaphne soepadmoi S.Julia – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
Actinodaphne solomonensis C.K.Allen – Solomon Islands
Actinodaphne spathulifolia S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne speciosa Nees – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne stenophylla Thwaites – Sri Lanka
Actinodaphne sulcata S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne superba Boerl. – Borneo and Sulawesi
Actinodaphne tadulingamii Gamble – western and southern India
Actinodaphne tayabensis (Elmer) Merr. – Philippines
Actinodaphne tomentosa Teschner – New Guinea
Actinodaphne tonkinensis Dao – Vietnam
Actinodaphne trichocarpa C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and Guizhou)
Actinodaphne tsaii Hu – China (southern and southeastern Yunnan)
Actinodaphne venosa S.Julia – Borneo
Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie – Borneo