860s

The 860s decade ran from January 1, 860, to December 31, 869.

860

This section is transcluded from AD 860. (edit | history)

By place

Byzantine Empire

• June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus, and starts pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch Photios I urges his flock to implore the Theotokos to save the Byzantine capital.^[1] Having devastated the suburbs, the Rus' Vikings pass into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Isles of the Princes, plundering the local monasteries.^[2]

Europe

• King Charles the Bald gives the order to build fortified bridges across the Seine and Loire Rivers, to protect Paris and the Frankish heartland against Viking raids. He hires the services of Weland, a Viking chieftain based on the Somme, to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the Isle of Oissel. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge bribe (6,000 pounds of silver) to let them escape.^[3]
• Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the River Arno to sack the cities of Pisa and Fiesole (Tuscany).^[4]
• Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack Winchester (the capital of Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.^[5]
• December 20 – King Æthelbald of Wessex dies after a 2½-year reign.^[6] He is succeeded by his brother, sub-king Æthelberht of Kent, who becomes sole ruler of Wessex.^[7]

Iberian Peninsula

• Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba.^[8]

By topic

Art

• Lusterware tiles, that decorated the mihrab of the Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan (modern Tunisia), are made (approximate date).

Communication

• The Japanese alphabet Hiragana becomes more popular in Japan. The phonetic alphabet will be further simplified, and reduced to 51 basic characters (approximate date).

Religion

• Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria.
• Michael I succeeds Sophronius I, as patriarch of Alexandria.

Significant people

• Rurik
• Al-Muntasir
• Al-Mu'tazz
• Al-Mu'ayyad
• Al-Muhtadi
• Pope Nicholas I
• Al-Musta'in
• Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor
• Ragnar Lodbrok
• Basil I
• Charles the Bald
• Louis the German
• Baldwin I of Flanders

Births

Transcluding articles: 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, and 869

860

• Bertila of Spoleto, queen of Italy (approximate date)
• Donald II, king of Scotland (approximate date)
• Georgios I, king of Makuria (approximate date)
• Ibn Abd Rabbih, Moorish writer and poet (d. 940)
• John X, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 928)
• Ludmila, Bohemian duchess regent and saint (approximate date)
• Odo I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 859)
• Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 866)
• Sancho Garcés I, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
• Sergius III, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
• Tudwal Gloff, Welsh prince (approximate date)
• Vasugupta, Indian writer and philosopher (d. 925)

861

• Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz, Muslim poet (d. 908)
• Abu Bakr Shibli, Muslim Sufi (d. 946)
• Al-Mu'tadid, Muslim caliph (or 854)
• Heongang, king of Silla (approximate date)

862

• June 8 – Xi Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 888)
• Li Cunxin, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 902)
• Li Cunshen, general of Later Tang (d. 924)
• Wang Chuzhi, Chinese warlord (d. 922)
• Wang Shenzhi, founder of Min (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 925)
• Xiao Qing, chancellor of Later Liang (d. 930)
• Xu Wen, general and regent of Wu (d. 927)
• Yúnmén Wényǎn, Chinese Zen master (or 864)
• Zhou Ben, general of Wu (d. 938)

863

• Bertha, duchess regent of Lucca and Tuscany (d. 925)
• Li Decheng, general of Wu (Five Dynasties) (d. 940)
• Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 865)
• Shen Song, chancellor of Wuyue (d. 938)
• Wang Yanzhang, general of Later Liang (d. 923)

864

• Gu Quanwu, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 931)
• Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun, ruler of the Tulunid Dynasty (d. 896)
• Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 863)
• Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Muslim scholar (d. 941)
• Simeon I, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 865)
• Yúnmén Wényǎn, Chinese Zen master (or 862)

865

• Al-Nayrizi, Persian mathematician (d. 922)
• Baldwin II, Frankish margrave (approximate date)
• Jinseong, queen of Silla (approximate date)
• Lady Ren Neiming, Chinese noblewoman (d. 918)
• Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 863)
• Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 864)

866

• June 10 – Uda, emperor of Japan (d. 931)
• September 19 – Leo VI, Byzantine emperor (d. 912)
• Carloman II, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date)
• Robert I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (d. 923)
• Yao Yi, chancellor of Later Tang (d. 940)

867

• October 10 – Li Siyuan, emperor of Later Tang (d. 933)
• Kyŏn Hwŏn, king of Later Baekje (Korea) (d. 936)
• Pribislav, prince (knyaz) of Serbia (approximate date)
• Stephen I, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 893)
• Zhao Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 904)
• Zhu Jin, Chinese warlord (d. 918)

868

• Choe Eon-wui, Korean minister and calligrapher (d. 944)
• Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri, Muslim theologian (d. 909)
• Théodrate of Troyes, Frankish queen (d. 903)
• Xu Jie, Chinese officer and chancellor (d. 943)

869

• January 2 – Yōzei, emperor of Japan (d. 949)
• Gung Ye, king of Hu Goguryeo (approximate date)
• Muhammad al-Mahdi, Muslim Twelver Shī‘ah Imām

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, and 869

860

• December 3 – Abbo, bishop of Auxerre
• December 20 – Æthelbald, king of Wessex^[6]
• Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī, Muslim mathematician
• 'Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi, Muslim governor
• Athanasia of Aegina, Byzantine noblewoman
• Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general
• Govindasvāmi, Indian astronomer (approximate date)
• Guy I, duke of Spoleto (approximate date)
• Halfdan the Black, Norwegian nobleman
• Sedulius Scottus, Irish grammarian
• Tunberht, bishop of Lichfield (approximate date)

861

• Shuja also known as Umm Jaʽfar was the mother of Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil.
• April 6 – Prudentius, bishop of Troyes
• December 11
  • Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph (b. 822), On the night of 11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink.^[35][36]
  • al-Fath ibn Khaqan, chief confidante and councillor of al-Mutawakkil
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani, Persian astronomer
• Álvaro of Córdoba, Mozarab scholar and theologian
• Ansovinus, bishop of Camerino (approximate date)
• Bai Minzhong, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 792)
• Gladilanus, Galician clergyman (approximate date)
• Gregory of Khandzta, Georgian archimandrite (b. 759)
• Heonan, king of Silla (Korea)
• Princess Ito of Japan
• Lando I, count of Capua
• Meinrad of Einsiedeln, German hermit and martyr
• Pribina, Slavic prince (approximate date)
• Samuel of Kakheti, Georgian prince

862

• April 13 – Donald I, king of Scotland (b. 812)
• July 2 – Swithun, bishop of Winchester
• September 26 – Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi, Muslim military leader (b. c. 790)
• Æthelred II, king of Northumbria
• Al-Muntasir, Muslim caliph (b. 837)
• Bugha al-Kabir, Muslim general
• Lupus Servatus, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
• Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, High King of Ireland
• Ruarc mac Brain, king of Leinster (Ireland)
• Tahir ibn Abdallah, Muslim governor

863

• January 25 – Charles of Provence, Frankish king (b. 845)
• June 4 – Charles, archbishop of Mainz
• June 6 – Abu Musa Utamish, Muslim vizier
• October 4 – Turpio, Frankish nobleman
• Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani, Muslim governor
• Bivin of Gorze, Frankish nobleman
• Daniél ua Líahaiti, Irish abbot and poet
• Duan Chengshi, Chinese official and scholar
• Karbeas, leader of the Paulicians
• Mucel, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)
• Muirecán mac Diarmata, king of Leinster
• Umar al-Aqta, emir of Melitene
• Yahya ibn Muhammad, Idrisid emir of Morocco^[37]

864

• September 13 – Pietro Tradonico, doge of Venice
• Al-Fadl ibn Marwan, Muslim vizier
• Al-Fadl ibn Qarin al-Tabari, Muslim governor
• Arnold of Gascony, Frankish nobleman
• Bi Xian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 802)
• Ennin, Japanese priest and traveler
• Hucbert, Frankish nobleman (b. 820)
• Laura, Spanish abbess
• Lorcán mac Cathail, king of Uisneach (Ireland)
• Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i, Muslim vizier (or 865)
• Pei Xiu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 791)
• Sancho II, count of Gascony (approximate date)
• Sergius I, duke of Naples
• Trpimir I, duke (knez) of Croatia
• Yahya ibn Umar, Muslim imam (or 865)

865

• February 3 – Ansgar, Frankish monk and archbishop (b. 801)
• March 8 – Rudolf of Fulda, German theologian
• November 11 – Petronas, Byzantine general
• December 26 – Zheng, empress of the Tang dynasty
• Æthelberht, king of Wessex^[38]
• Antony the Younger, Byzantine governor and saint (b. 785)
• Deshan Xuanjian, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk
• Gao Qu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
• Kassia, Byzantine abbess and hymnographer
• Khurshid, ruler (shah) of Daylam
• Liu Gongquan, Chinese calligrapher (b. 778)
• Lothair the Lame, Frankish abbot
• Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Jarjara'i, Muslim vizier (or 864)
• Pepin II, king of Aquitaine (approximate date)
• Ragnar Lodbrok, king of Denmark and Sweden
• Raymond I, count of Toulouse
• Rorgon II, count of Maine (approximate date)
• Tigernach mac Fócartai, king of Lagore (Ireland)
• Wenilo, Frankish archbishop
• Xiao Zhi, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
• Yahya ibn Umar, Muslim imam (or 864)

866

• April 21 – Bardas, Byzantine chief minister and regent
• May 27 – Ordoño I, king of Asturias
• June 21 – Rodulf, Frankish archbishop
• July 2 – Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman
• July 16 – Irmgard, Frankish abbess
• October 17 – Al-Musta'in, Abbasid caliph
• Adelaide of Tours, Frankish noblewoman
• Al-Mu'ayyad, Abbasid prince
• Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine
• Eberhard, duke of Friuli
• Emenon, Frankish nobleman
• Hungerus Frisus, bishop of Utrecht
• Linji Yixuan, Chinese monk and founder of the Linji school
• Liudolf, duke of Saxony
• Ranulf I, Frankish nobleman (b. 820)
• Robert, Frankish nobleman (b. 834)
• Rudolph, Frankish nobleman
• Wang Shaoyi, general of the Tang Dynasty
• Yahya ibn Yahya, Idrisid emir of Morocco^[39]

867

• March 21 – Ælla, king of Northumbria
• March 21 – Osberht, king of Northumbria
• November 13 – Nicholas I, pope of the Catholic Church
• Auisle, Viking leader (approximate date)
• Cormac mac Connmhach, Irish monk and scribe
• Donnchad mac Aedacain, king of Uisneach (Ireland)
• Eahlstan, bishop of Sherborne
• Fujiwara no Yoshimi, Japanese nobleman (b. 813)
• Fujiwara no Yoshisuke, Japanese statesman (b. 813)
• Galindo Aznárez I, count of Aragon
• Gottschalk of Orbais, German monk and theologian
• Lazarus Zographos, Byzantine monk and painter
• Louis, Frankish archchancellor and abbot
• Michael III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 840)
• Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Abbasid governor
• Qarin I, ruler (spahbed) of the Bavand Dynasty
• Wasif al-Turki, Abbasid general
• Wulfsige, bishop of Lichfield

868

• Ali al-Hadi, tenth Shia Imam
• Al-Jahiz, Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (b. 776)
• Bugha al-Sharabi, Turkish military leader
• Conwoïon, Breton abbot (approximate date)
• Minamoto no Makoto, Japanese prince (b. 810)
• Muzahim ibn Khaqan, Muslim governor
• Stephania, wife of Adrian II
• Theotgaud, archbishop of Trier
• Yang Shou, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
• Yu Xuanji, Chinese poet (or 869)

869

• February 14 – Cyril, Byzantine missionary and bishop
• August 8 – Lothair II, king of Lotharingia (b. 835)
• September 8 – Ahmad ibn Isra'il al-Anbari, Muslim vizier
• September 18 – Wenilo, Frankish archbishop
• October 14 – Pang Xun, Chinese rebel leader
• November 20 (or 870) – Edmund the Martyr, king of East Anglia
• Al-Darimi, Muslim scholar and imam
• Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Muslim jurist (approximate date)
• Al-Jahiz, Afro-Muslim scholar and writer (or 868)
• Al-Mu'tazz, Muslim caliph (b. 847)
• Dongshan Liangjie, Chinese Buddhist teacher (b. 807)
• Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig, king of Leinster (Ireland)
• Ermentrude of Orléans, queen of the Franks (b. 823)
• Gundachar, count (or margrave) of Carinthia
• Leuthard II, Frankish count (or 858)
• Rothad of Soissons, Frankish bishop
• Shapur ibn Sahl, Persian physician
• Solomon, Frankish count (approximate date)
• Yu Xuanji, Chinese poet (or 868)

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Sources

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