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Comparison of a wide range of energies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−34 | 6.626×10−34 J | Photon energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.[1] | |
8x10-34 J | Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached (38 picokelvin[2] as of 2021[update]) | ||
10−30 | quecto- (qJ) | ||
10−28 | 6.6×10−28 J | Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[3] | |
10−27 | ronto- (rJ) | ||
10−24 | yocto- (yJ) | 1.6×10−24 J | Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[4][5] |
10−23 | 2×10−23 J | Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[6][7] | |
10−22 | 2–3000×10−22 J | Energy of infrared light photons[8] | |
10−21 | zepto- (zJ) | 1.7×10−21 J | 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[9] |
2.1×10−21 J | Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[10] | ||
2.856×10−21 J | By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information | ||
3–7×10−21 J | Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[11][12] | ||
4.1×10−21 J | The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[13] | ||
7–22×10−21 J | Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[11][14] | ||
10−20 | 4.5×10−20 J | Upper bound of the mass–energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[15][16] | |
10−19 | 1.6×10−19 J | ≈1 electronvolt (eV)[17] | |
3–5×10−19 J | Energy range of photons in visible light (≈1.6–3.1 eV)[18][19] | ||
3–14×10−19 J | Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[11][20] | ||
5–200×10−19 J | Energy of ultraviolet light photons[8] | ||
10−18 | atto- (aJ) | 2.18×10−18 J | Ground state ionization energy of hydrogen (13.6 eV) |
10−17 | 2–2000×10−17 J | Energy range of X-ray photons[8] | |
10−16 | |||
10−15 | femto- (fJ) | 3 × 10−15 J | Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[21][22][23] |
10−14 | 1×10−14 J | Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[24][25][26] | |
> 2×10−14 J | Energy of gamma ray photons[8] | ||
2.7×10−14 J | Upper bound of the mass–energy of a muon neutrino[27][28] | ||
8.2×10−14 J | Rest mass–energy of an electron[29] (0.511 MeV)[30] | ||
10−13 | 1.6×10−13 J | 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[31] | |
2.3×10−13 J | Energy released by a single event of two protons fusing into deuterium (1.44 megaelectronvolt MeV)[32] | ||
10−12 | pico- (pJ) | 2.3×10−12 J | Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by DT fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[33][34] |
10−11 | 3.4×10−11 J | Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[35][36] | |
10−10 | 1.492×10−10 J | Mass-energy equivalent of 1 u[37] (931.5 MeV)[38] | |
1.503×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a proton[39] (938.3 MeV)[40] | ||
1.505×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a neutron[41] (939.6 MeV)[42] | ||
1.6×10−10 J | 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[43] | ||
3×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a deuteron[44] | ||
6×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of an alpha particle[45] | ||
7×10−10 J | Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[46] | ||
10−9 | nano- (nJ) | 1.6×10−9 J | 10 GeV[47] |
8×10−9 J | Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[48][49] | ||
10−8 | 1.3×10−8 J | Mass–energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[50][51] | |
1.5×10−8 J | Mass–energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[52][53] | ||
1.6×10−8 J | 100 GeV[54] | ||
2×10−8 J | Mass–energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[55] | ||
6.4×10−8 J | Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[56][57] | ||
10−7 | 1×10−7 J | ≡ 1 erg[58] | |
1.6×10−7 J | 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[59] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[60] | ||
10−6 | micro- (μJ) | 1.04×10−6 J | Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[61][62] |
10−5 | |||
10−4 | 1.0×10−4 J | Energy released by a typical radioluminescent wristwatch in 1 hour[63][64] (1 μCi × 4.871 MeV × 1 hr) | |
10−3 | milli- (mJ) | 3.0×10−3 J | Energy released by a P100 atomic battery in 1 hour[65] (2.4 V × 350 nA × 1 hr) |
10−2 | centi- (cJ) | 4.0×10−2 J | Use of a typical LED for 1 second[66] (2.0 V × 20 mA × 1 s) |
10−1 | deci- (dJ) | 1.1×10−1 J | Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[67][68] |
100 | J | 1 J | ≡ 1 N·m (newton–metre) |
1 J | ≡ 1 W·s (watt-second) | ||
1 J | Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[69]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[70] | ||
1 J | Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius[71] | ||
1.4 J | ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[58] | ||
4.184 J | ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[58] | ||
4.1868 J | ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[72] | ||
8 J | Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[73][74] | ||
101 | deca- (daJ) | 1×101 J | Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 μF @ 330 V)[75][76] |
5×101 J | The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected.[77] Most likely a single proton traveling only very slightly slower than the speed of light.[78] | ||
102 | hecto- (hJ) | 1.25×102 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation (standard) baseball (5.1 oz / 145 g)[79] thrown at 93 mph / 150 km/h (MLB average pitch speed).[80] |
1.5×102 to 3.6×102 J | Energy delivered by a biphasic external electric shock (defibrillation), usually during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest. | ||
3×102 J | Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[81] | ||
3×102 J | Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[82][83][84] | ||
3.3×102 J | Energy to melt 1 g of ice[85] | ||
> 3.6×102 J | Kinetic energy of 800 gram[86] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[87] by elite javelin throwers[88] | ||
5–20×102 J | Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[89] | ||
6×102 J | Kinetic energy of 2 kg[90] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[91] | ||
6×102 J | Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1 minute | ||
7.5×102 J | A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[58] | ||
7.8×102 J | Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[92] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[93] | ||
8.01×102 J | Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above Earth (or any planet with Earth gravity) | ||
103 | kilo- (kJ) | 1.1×103 J | ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[58] |
1.4×103 J | Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[94] | ||
1.8×103 J | Kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56×45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[95] | ||
2.3×103 J | Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[96] | ||
3×103 J | Lorentz force can crusher pinch[97] | ||
3.4×103 J | Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[98] thrown at 30.7 m/s[99] in 1986)[100] | ||
3.6×103 J | ≡ 1 W·h (watt-hour)[58] | ||
4.2×103 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[58][101] | ||
4.2×103 J | ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie) | ||
~7×103 J | Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[102] | ||
8.5×103 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of sound (343 m/s = 767 mph = 1,235 km/h. Air, 20°C).[103] | ||
9×103 J | Energy in an alkaline AA battery[104] | ||
104 | 1.7×104 J | Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[105] or protein[106] | |
3.8×104 J | Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[107] | ||
4–5×104 J | Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[108] | ||
5×104 J | Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[109] | ||
105 | 3×105 – 15×105 J | Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[110] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[111] | |
5×105 J | Kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[112] |
106 | mega- (MJ) | 1×106 J | Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[110] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[113] |
1.2×106 J | Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[114] | ||
3.6×106 J | = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[58] | ||
4.2×106 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[58][101] | ||
8.4×106 J | Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[115][116] | ||
9.1×106 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at Earth's escape velocity (First cosmic velocity ≈ 11.186 km/s = 25,020 mph = 40,270 km/h).[117] | ||
107 | 1×107 J | Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the ISU-152 assault gun[118][citation needed] | |
1.1×107 J | Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[115][119] | ||
3.3×107 J | Kinetic energy of a 23 lb projectile fired by the Navy's mach 8 railgun.[120] | ||
3.7×107 J | $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[121][122][123] | ||
4×107 J | Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[124] | ||
4.2×107 J | Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[125] | ||
6.3×107 J | Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[126] | ||
9×107 J | Total mass-energy of 1 microgram of matter (25 kWh) | ||
108 | 1×108 J | Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[citation needed] | |
1.1×108 J | ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[58] | ||
1.1×108 J | ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[127] ridden at 5 W/kg[128] by a 65 kg rider[129] | ||
7.3×108 J | ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[citation needed] | ||
109 | giga- (GJ) | 1–10×109 J | Energy in an average lightning bolt[130] (thunder) |
1.1×109 J | Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[131] | ||
1.2×109 J | Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s) | ||
1.4×109 J | Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[132][133] | ||
2×109 J | Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[108][134][135] | ||
2×109 J | The unit of energy in Planck units[136] | ||
3×109 J | Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s) | ||
3.3×109 J | Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[137][138] | ||
3.6×109 J | = 1 MW·h (megawatt-hour) | ||
4.2×109 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT. | ||
4.5×109 J | Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[139][140] | ||
6.1×109 J | ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[141] | ||
1010 | 1.9×1010 J | Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s) | |
4.2×1010 J | ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[141] | ||
4.6×1010 J | Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[142][143] | ||
7.3×1010 J | Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[144][145][146] | ||
8.6×1010 J | ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants (24 MW·h)[147] | ||
8.8×1010 J | Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[35][36][148] | ||
9×1010 J | Total mass-energy of 1 milligram of matter (25 MW·h) | ||
1011 | 1.1×1011 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at lightning speed (120 km/s = 270,000 mph = 435,000 km/h).[149] | |
2.4×1011 J | Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[150] |
1012 | tera- (TJ) | 3.4×1012 J | Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[151] of Jet A-1[152])[153] |
3.6×1012 J | 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[154] | ||
4×1012 J | Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[155] thermal efficiency of reactor[156][157] | ||
4.2×1012 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 kiloton of TNT[58][158] | ||
6.4×1012 J | Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[159] of Jet A-1[152])[160] | ||
1013 | 1.1×1013 J | Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[161] of Jet A-1[152])[162] | |
1.2×1013 J | Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[163] at 7.7 km/s[164])[165] | ||
6.3×1013 J | Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[166][167] | ||
9×1013 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of 1 gram of matter (25 GW·h) [168] | ||
1014 | 1.8×1014 J | Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter (50 GW·h) | |
3.75×1014 J | Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[169] | ||
6×1014 J | Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[170] | ||
1015 | peta- (PJ) | > 1015 J | Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[171] |
1×1015 J | Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[172][173] | ||
4.2×1015 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[58][174] | ||
1016 | 1×1016 J | Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[citation needed] | |
1.1×1016 J | Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[172][175] | ||
6.3×1016 J | Yield of Castle Bravo, the most powerful nuclear weapon tested by the United States[176] | ||
7.9×1016 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at 99% the speed of light (KE = mc^2 × [γ-1], where the Lorentz factor γ ≈ 7.09).[177] | ||
9×1016 J | Mass–energy of 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[178] | ||
1017 | 1.4×1017 J | Seismic energy released by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[179] | |
1.7×1017 J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[180] | ||
2.1×1017 J | Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[181][182] | ||
2.552×1017 J | Total energy of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption[183][184] | ||
4.2×1017 J | Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[172][185] | ||
4.5×1017 J | Approximate energy needed to accelerate one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light | ||
8×1017 J | Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[186][187][188] |
1018 | 1.4×1018 J | Yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[172][189] | |
1019 | 1019 J | Thermal energy released by the 1991 Pinatubo eruption[190] | |
1.1×1019 J | Seismic energy released by the 1960 Valdivia Earthquake[190] | ||
1.2×1019 J | Explosive yield of global nuclear arsenal[191] (2.86 Gigatons) | ||
1.4×1019 J | Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[172][192] | ||
1.4×1019J | Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[193][194] | ||
5×1019 J | Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[170] | ||
6.4×1019 J | Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008[update][195][196] | ||
6.8×1019 J | Yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008[update][195][197] | ||
1020 | 1.4×1020 J | Total energy released in the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption[198] | |
2.4×1020 J | Total latent heat energy released by Hurricane Katrina[199] | ||
5×1020 J | Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[200][201] | ||
8×1020 J | Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[202][203][204][205] | ||
1021 | zetta- (ZJ) | 6.9×1021 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[200][206] |
7.0×1021 J | Thermal energy released by the Toba eruption[190] | ||
7.9×1021 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[200][207] | ||
9.3×1021 J | Annual net uptake of thermal energy by the global ocean during 2003-2018[208] | ||
1022 | 1.2×1022J | Seismic energy of a magnitude 11 earthquake on Earth (M 11)[209] | |
1.5×1022J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[180][210] | ||
1.94×1022J | Impact event that formed the Siljan Ring, the largest impact structure in Europe[211] | ||
2.4×1022 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[200][212] | ||
2.9×1022 J | Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[202] | ||
3.9×1022 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[200][213] | ||
8.03×1022 J | Total energy of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[214] | ||
1023 | 1.5×1023 J | Total energy of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake[215] | |
2.2×1023 J | Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[202] | ||
3×1023 J | The energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[216] |
1024 | 2.31×1024 J | Total energy of the Sudbury impact event[217] | |
3.8×1024 J | Radiative heat energy released from the Earth’s surface each year[190] | ||
5.5×1024 J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[180][218] | ||
1025 | 4×1025 J | Total energy of the Carrington Event in 1859[219] | |
1026 | >1026J | Estimated energy of early Archean asteroid impacts[220] | |
3.828×1026 J | Total radiative energy output of the Sun each second[221] | ||
1027 | ronna- (RJ) | 1×1027 J | Estimated energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[222] |
1×1027 J | Upper limit of the most energetic solar flares possible (X1000)[223] | ||
~3×1027 J | Estimated energy required to evaporate all water on the surface of Earth | ||
4.2×1027 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of the Oh-My-God particle, itself a cosmic ray proton with the kinetic energy of a baseball thrown at 60 mph (~50 J).[224] | ||
1028 | 3.8×1028 J | Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[225][226] | |
7×1028 J | Total energy of the stellar superflare from V1355 Orionis[227][228] | ||
1029 | 2.1×1029 J | Rotational energy of the Earth[229][230][231] | |
1030 | quetta- (QJ) | 1.8×1030 J | Gravitational binding energy of Mercury |
1031 | 2×1031 J | The Theia Impact, the most energetic event ever in Earth's history[232][233] | |
3.3×1031J | Total energy output of the Sun each day[221][234] | ||
1032 | 1.71×1032 J | Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[235] | |
1033 | 2.7×1033 J | Earth's kinetic energy at perihelion in its orbit around the Sun[236][237] | |
1034 | 1.2×1034 J | Total energy output of the Sun each year[221][238] | |
1035 | 3.5×1035 J | The most energetic stellar superflare to date (V2487 Ophiuchi)[239] | |
1039 | 2–5×1039 J | Energy of the giant flare (starquake) released by SGR 1806-20[240][241][242] | |
6.6×1039 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Moon | ||
1041 | 2.276×1041 J | Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[243] | |
5.4×1041 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Earth[244][245] | ||
1043 | 5×1043 J | Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[246][247] | |
>1043 J | Total energy in a typical fast blue optical transient (FBOT)[248] | ||
1044 | ~1044 J | Average value of a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) in optical/UV bands[249] | |
~1044 J | Estimated kinetic energy released by FBOT CSS161010[250] | ||
~1044 J | Total energy released in a typical supernova,[251][252] sometimes referred to as a foe | ||
1.2×1044 J | Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun. | ||
3×1044 J | Total energy of a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[251] | ||
1045 | ~1045 J | Estimated energy released in a hypernova and pair instability supernova[253] | |
1045 J | Energy released by the energetic supernova, SN 2016aps[254][255] | ||
1.7–1.9×1045 J | Energy released by hypernova ASASSN-15lh[256] | ||
2.3×1045 J | Energy released by the energetic supernova PS1-10adi[257][258] | ||
>1045 J | Estimated energy of a magnetorotational hypernova[259] | ||
>1045 J | Total energy (energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic gamma-ray burst if collimated[260][261][262][263][264] | ||
1046 | >1046 J | Estimated energy in theoretical quark-novae[265] | |
~1046 J | Upper limit of the total energy of a supernova[266][267] | ||
1.5×1046 J | Total energy of the most energetic optical non-quasar transient, AT2021lwx[268] | ||
1047 | 1045-47 J | Estimated energy of stellar mass rotational black holes by vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field[269][270] | |
1047 J | Total energy of a very energetic and relativistic jetted Tidal Disruption Event (TDE)[271] | ||
~1047 J | Upper limit of collimated- corrected total energy of a gamma-ray burst[272][273][274] | ||
1.8×1047 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Sun[275][276] | ||
5.4×1047 J | Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO (GW150914)[277] | ||
8.6×1047 J | Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729)[278] | ||
8.8×1047 J | GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[279] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass turned to energy[280] | ||
1048 | 1048 J | Estimated energy of a supermassive Population III star supernova, denominated "General Relativistic Instability Supernova."[281][282] | |
~1.2×1048 J | Approximate energy released in the most energetic black hole merging to date (GW190521), which originated the first intermediate-mass black hole ever detected[283][284][285][286][287] | ||
1.2–3×1048 J | GRB 221009A – the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[279][288] isotropic energy output estimated at 1.2–3 × 1048 joules (1.2–3 × 1055 erg)[289][290][291] | ||
1050 | ≳1050 J | Upper limit of isotropic energy (Eiso) of Population III stars Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).[292] | |
1053 | >1053 J | Mechanical energy of very energetic so-called "quasar tsunamis"[293][294] | |
6×1053 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[295] | ||
1054 | 3×1054 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[296] | |
1055 | >1055 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421,[297] Ophiucus Supercluster Explosion[298] and supermassive black holes mergings[299][300] | |
1057 | ~1057 J | Estimated rotational energy of M87 SMBH and total energy of the most luminous quasars over Gyr time-scales[301][302] | |
~2×1057 J | Estimated thermal energy of the Bullet Cluster of galaxies[303] | ||
1058 | ~1058 J | Estimated total energy (in shockwaves, turbulence, gases heating up, gravitational force) of galaxy clusters mergings[304] | |
4×1058 J | Visible mass–energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[305][306] | ||
1059 | 1×1059 J | Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[307][308] | |
1062 | 1–2×1062 J | Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[309] | |
1069 | 4×1069 J | Estimated total mass–energy of the observable universe[310] |
Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | SI symbol | Name | Value | SI symbol | Name |
10−1 J | dJ | decijoule | 101 J | daJ | decajoule |
10−2 J | cJ | centijoule | 102 J | hJ | hectojoule |
10−3 J | mJ | millijoule | 103 J | kJ | kilojoule |
10−6 J | μJ | microjoule | 106 J | MJ | megajoule |
10−9 J | nJ | nanojoule | 109 J | GJ | gigajoule |
10−12 J | pJ | picojoule | 1012 J | TJ | terajoule |
10−15 J | fJ | femtojoule | 1015 J | PJ | petajoule |
10−18 J | aJ | attojoule | 1018 J | EJ | exajoule |
10−21 J | zJ | zeptojoule | 1021 J | ZJ | zettajoule |
10−24 J | yJ | yoctojoule | 1024 J | YJ | yottajoule |
10−27 J | rJ | rontojoule | 1027 J | RJ | ronnajoule |
10−30 J | qJ | quectojoule | 1030 J | QJ | quettajoule |
The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.