1994 Nepalese general election

General elections were held in Nepal on 15 November 1994 to elect the House of Representatives. The election took place after the Nepali Congress government collapsed and King Birenda called new elections. The results showed that the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) won the most seats in the House of Representatives and Man Mohan Adhikari became Prime Minister at the head of a minority government.

1994 Nepalese general election

← 1991 15 November 1994 1999 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 205 seats in the House of Representatives 103 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	61.86%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Man Mohan Adhikari Girija Prasad Koirala Surya Bahadur Thapa Party CPN (UML) Congress RPP Last election 69 110 4 Seats won 88 83 20 Seat change 19 27 16 Popular vote 2,352,601 2,545,287 1,367,148 Percentage 31.86% 34.47% 18.51% Swing 2.59pp 5.03pp 6.01pp
Prime Minister before election Girija Prasad Koirala Congress Prime Minister after election Man Mohan Adhikari CPN (UML)

Background

King Birenda agreed to introduce democracy in 1990 and to become a constitutional monarch after increasing protests by the 1990 People's Movement.^[1] The 1991 multi-party elections saw the Nepali Congress party win a majority with 112 of the 205 seats.^[2] Girija Prasad Koirala was chosen by the Nepali Congress as their leader in parliament and was appointed Prime Minister.^[3]

By 1994 the economic situation in Nepal had worsened and the opposition accused the government of being corrupt.^[4] Divisions had also arisen within the Nepali Congress after Prime Minister Koirala was accused of helping to ensure that the president of the Nepali Congress, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, was defeated in a by-election in February 1994.^[4] These divisions led to 36 Nepali Congress members of parliament abstaining from a parliamentary vote in July 1994 leading to the government losing the vote.^[4] As a result, Koirala offered his resignation as Prime Minister and King Birenda dissolved parliament with new elections called for 13 November.^[4] Koirala stayed on as caretaker Prime Minister until the election.^[5]

Campaign

The election saw 1,500 candidates spread over 24 parties competing for the 205 seats in the House of Representatives.^[6] The leading two parties in the election were the governing Nepali Congress and the main opposition party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist).^[6] The Nepali Congress called on voters to stick with their party and not to entrust power to a Communist party they accused of being irresponsible.^[7]

The Communist party called for land reform to break up large landholdings and give land to landless Nepalese peasants.^[8] Other pledges made by the party included running water and electricity for all voters and for each village to have at least one television.^[9] While the party called for foreign investment to be somewhat restricted and for privatisations to be limited, they also stressed that they believed in a mixed economy and did not support nationalisation.^[8] They accused the Nepali Congress government of having been incompetent and corrupt and said that a change in government was required.^[7]

On election day itself there was some violence resulting in one death and another 15 people being injured.^[10] 124 international election monitors observed the election and new polls were ordered in 31 constituencies where violence had occurred.^[7]

Results

The results saw the Nepali Congress party lose their majority in parliament and the Communist party became the largest group in the House of Representatives.^[11] However no party won the 103 seats required for a majority on their own.^[12] The pro-monarchy party, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, made significant gains winning 20 seats up from the 4 they had won in the previous election.^[13] Voter turnout was 58% a decline from 60% of those who had voted in the previous election in 1991.^[7]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Nepali Congress	2,545,287	34.47	83	–27
	Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)	2,352,601	31.86	88	+19
	Rastriya Prajatantra Party	1,367,148	18.51	20	+16
	Nepal Sadbhavana Party	265,847	3.60	3	–3
	United People's Front of Nepal	100,285	1.36	0	–9
	Rastriya Janamukti Party	79,996	1.08	0	0
	Nepal Workers Peasants Party	75,072	1.02	4	+2
	Nepal Janabadi Morcha	32,732	0.44	0	New
	Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist)	29,571	0.40	0	New
	Communist Party of Nepal (United)	29,273	0.40	0	New
	Nepali Congress (Bisheswar) Party	12,571	0.17	0	New
	Rashtriya Janata Parishad	8,931	0.12	0	New
	Janabadi Morcha (Nepal)	3,681	0.05	0	0
	Prajatantrik Lok Dal	3,082	0.04	0	New
	Nepal Praja Parishad	1,832	0.02	0	New
	Rashtriya Janata Party	1,525	0.02	0	0
	United Peoples Party	1,346	0.02	0	New
	Nepali Congress (B.P.)	840	0.01	0	New
	Nepali Congress (Subarna)	484	0.01	0	New
	Janata Dal (Samajbadi Prajatantrik)	404	0.01	0	0
	Samyukta Prajatantra Party	218	0.00	0	New
	Nepal Janahit Party	156	0.00	0	New
	Radical Nepali Congress	53	0.00	0	New
	Liberal Democratic Party	18	0.00	0	New
	Independents	471,324	6.38	7	+4
Total		7,384,277	100.00	205	0
Valid votes		7,384,277	96.84
Invalid/blank votes		241,071	3.16
Total votes		7,625,348	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		12,327,329	61.86
Source: Nohlen et al.,[14] Nepal Research

Aftermath

Following the election the Communist party elected Man Mohan Adhikari as leader of the party in parliament and he attempted to form a minority government.^[15] King Birendra asked both the Communists and the Nepali Congress party to explain to him why they should be allowed to form the government and then he would make a decision on who should be appointed Prime Minister.^[13] The Nepali Congress attempted to form a deal with smaller parties including the Rastriya Prajatantra Party in order to try to stay in power.^[13] However this was unsuccessful and Adhikari became Prime Minister at the head of a minority Communist government.^[16] They therefore became the first elected communist government in a constitutional monarchy anywhere in the world^[16] and the first communist government in Asia to come into power democratically.^[12][17]

See also

• Adhikari cabinet, 1994
• List of MPs elected in the 1994 Nepalese general election

References

1. "Nepal's King Gives Way to Multiparty Democracy". The New York Times. 11 November 1990.
2. "Nepal: Where Lenin Lives On". The Economist. 25 April 1992. p. 37.
3. "NEPAL: parliamentary elections Pratindhi Sabha, 1991". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
4. Thomas, Christopher (12 July 1994). "Nepal in turmoil as experiment with democracy turns sour". The Times. p. 41.
5. "Nepal: The king and them". The Economist. 16 July 1994. p. 34.
6. "NEPAL: parliamentary elections Pratindhi Sabha, 1994". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
7. "Nepal: Not very royal". The Economist. 19 November 1994. p. 37.
8. Graves, Nelson (19 November 1994). "Communists pledge land reform as they get set for power". The Guardian.
9. Lees, Caroline (20 November 1994). "Nepal turns to Lenin and TV". The Sunday Times.
10. "News in brief: Nepal poll violence". The Guardian. 16 November 1994.
11. "Communists win". The Guardian. 23 November 1994.
12. Burns, John F. (24 November 1994). "Communists Plan to Form Government in Nepal". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
13. Thomas, Christopher (26 November 1994). "Nepal in chaos after Communist 'victory'". The Times.
14. Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p635 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
15. "Nepal victors choose leader". The Guardian. 24 November 1994.
16. Rettie, John (2 December 1994). "Communist poll winners take office in Nepal". The Guardian.
17. Burns, John F. (6 December 1994). "In Nepal, Communists Take Power, but Very Cautiously". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

External links

• Winners and runner-ups in the legislative elections of Nepal 1994 and 1999