1866 (MDCCCLXVI ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1866th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 866th year of the 2nd millennium , the 66th year of the 19th century , and the 7th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1866, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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1866 .
June 20 : Start of the Third Italian War of Independence
July 3 : Battle of Königgrätz
January–March
January 1
January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam ,[1] at St. Doumit in Lebanon ; the Ottomans are defeated.
January 12
January 18 – Wesley College, Melbourne , is established.
January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
February 7 – Battle of Abtao : A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian -Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao, in the Chiloé Archipelago of southern Chile .
February 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri . This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.
February 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California . Purported to be evidence of humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, it turns out to be a hoax .
March 13 – The United States Congress overwhelmingly passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , the first federal legislation to protect the rights of African-Americans; U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoes the bill on March 27, and Congress overrides the veto on April 9.[2]
March 31 – A total lunar eclipse occurs.
April–June
May 16 : U.S. nickel coin approved.
May 10 – London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating Panic of 1866 .
May 16 – The United States Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel ), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime .
May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí : 32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina , in the Paraguayan War , with 16,000 casualties.
May 26 – First production of the comic opera Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington
May 30 – Bedrich Smetana 's comic opera The Bartered Bride premiered in Prague .[3]
June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie .
June 5 – Calculations indicate Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion (furthest point from the Sun ) between 1618 and August 2113.
June 8 – The Parliament of Canada meets for the first time in Ottawa .
June 11 – The Agra High Court is established (later shifted to the Allahabad High Court ).
June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War ("Seven Weeks War") begins when the Austrians and most of the medium-size German states declare war on Prussia.
June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.
June 22 – In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates votes to replace itself by an elected two-chamber Riksdag .
June 27 – 29 – Battle of Langensalza : The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army.
January–March
Frank Tudor
Emilia Broomé
Matthew Charlton
Wakatsuki Reijirō
January 10 – Hermanus Johannes Lovink , Dutch agriculturalist and politician (d. 1938 )[6]
January 13
January 15
January 16 – Percy Pilcher , English inventor and pioneer aviator (d. 1899 )
January 19 – Harry Davenport , American actor (d. 1949 )
January 29
February 1 – Agda Meyerson , Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist (d. 1924 )
February 2 – Enrique Simonet , Spanish painter (d. 1927 )
February 9 – George Ade , American writer, newspaper columnist and playwright (d. 1944 )
February 18 – Janko Vukotić , Montenegrin general (d. 1927 )
February 26 – Herbert Henry Dow , Canadian chemical industrialist (d. 1930 )
March 5 – Arthur Leopold Busch , English-born American submarine pioneer (d. 1956 )
March 7 – Hans Fruhstorfer , German lepidopterist (d. 1922 )
March 13 – Friedrich Boedicker , German admiral (d. 1944 )
March 15 – Matthew Charlton , Australian politician (d. 1948 )
March 19 – Emilio De Bono , Italian general and fascist activist (d. 1944 )
March 21
April–June
Butch Cassidy
Anne Sullivan
April 1 – Ferruccio Busoni , Italian pianist and composer (d. 1924 )
April 3 – J. B. M. Hertzog , Boer General and 3rd Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1942 )
April 8 – Alfred Allen , American actor (d. 1947 )
April 13 – Butch Cassidy , American outlaw (k. 1908 )
April 14 – Anne Sullivan , American tutor of Helen Keller (d. 1936 )
April 17 – Ernest Starling , English physiologist (d. 1927 )
April 18 – Yamaya Tanin , Japanese admiral (d. 1940 )
April 21 – Josefa Toledo de Aguerri , Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. 1962 )
April 22 – Hans von Seeckt , German general (d. 1936 )
April 24 – Ishii Kikujirō , Japanese diplomat (d. 1945 )
May 10 – Richard H. Jackson , American four-star admiral (d. 1971 )
May 17 – Erik Satie , French composer (d. 1925 )
May 22 – Charles F. Haanel , American New Thought author and businessman (d. 1949 )
June 4 – Miina Sillanpää , Finnish politician (d. 1952 )
June 26
July–September
H. G. Wells
La Goulue
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Wassily Kandinsky
July 6 – Charles Mangin , French general (d. 1925 )
July 9 – Macklyn Arbuckle , American actor (d. 1931 )
July 13 – La Goulue , French dancer (d. 1929 )
July 25 – Frederick Blackman , English plant physiologist (d. 1947)
July 27 – António José de Almeida , 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1929 )
July 28 – Beatrix Potter , English children's author (Peter Rabbit and Jemima Puddle-Duck ) (d. 1943 )
August 2 – Adrien de Gerlache , Belgian naval officer and explorer (d. 1934 )
August 4 – Gheorghe Mărdărescu , Romanian general and politician (d. 1938 )
August 6 – Chief Thunderbird , Native American actor (d. 1946 )
August 8 – Matthew Henson , African-American explorer (d. 1955 )
August 12 – Jacinto Benavente , Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954 )
August 14 – Dmitry Merezhkovsky , Russian novelist, poet and religious thinker (d. 1941 )
September 1
October–December
Sun Yat-sen
Ramsay MacDonald
October 6
October 12 – Ramsay MacDonald , Scottish Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937 )
October 29
November 3 – Paul Lincke , German composer (d. 1946 )
November 11 – Martha Annie Whiteley , English chemist and mathematician (d. 1956 )
November 12 – Sun Yat-sen , Chinese revolutionary (d. 1925 )
November 16 – Cornelia Sorabji , Indian-born lawyer (d. 1954 )
November 28
November 30
December 2 – Constantin Cristescu , Romanian general (d. 1923 )
December 11 – Ada Baker , Australian soprano, singing teacher and vaudeville star (d. 1949 )
December 12 – Alfred Werner , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919 )
December 16 (December 4 O.S.) – Wassily Kandinsky , Russian-born painter (d. 1944 )
December 17 – Kazys Grinius , 5th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 1950 )
December 29 – Marie Cahill , American singer and actress (d. 1933 )
January–June
January (date unknown) – Thomas Baldwin Marsh , American religious leader (b. 1799 )
January 16 – Phineas Quimby , American physician (b. 1802 )
January 19 – Harriet Ludlow Clarke , British artist
January 23 – Thomas Love Peacock , English satirist (b. 1785 )
January 31 – Friedrich Rückert , German poet, translator and professor of Oriental languages (b. 1788 )
February 25 – Sarah Ann Gill , Barbadian national heroine (b. 1795 )
March 4 – Alexander Campbell , Irish/U.S. founder of the Disciples of Christ (b. 1788 )
March 6 – William Whewell , English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (b. 1794 )
March 20 – Rikard Nordraak , Norwegian composer (b. 1842 )
March 21 – Nadezhda Durova , first female Russian military officer (b. 1783 )
March 24 – Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily , Queen of France (b. 1782 )[8]
March 28 – Solomon Foot , American politician (b. 1802 )
March 29 – John Keble , British churchman (b. 1792 )
April 1 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid , English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (b. 1789 )
April 4 – William Dick , founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (b. 1793 )
April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin , British physician (b. 1798 )
April 7 – Johann Sedlatzek , German flautist (b. 1789 )
April 12 – Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood , English Member of Parliament and developer (b. 1801 )
May 13 – Nikolai Brashman , Russian mathematician of Czech origin (b. 1796 )
May 29 – Winfield Scott , American general and presidential candidate (b. 1786 )
June 7 – Chief Sealth , Native American for whom Seattle is named (b. c. 1786 )
June 17 – Lewis Cass , American military officer, politician, and statesman (b. 1782 )
July–December
Bernhard Riemann
July 20 – Bernhard Riemann , German mathematician (b. 1826 )
July 25 – Floride Calhoun , Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
July 29 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin , French champagne producer (b. 1777 )
August 1 – John Ross, long-serving principal chief of the Cherokee Nation , of natural causes, in Washington D. C. (born 1790 in Cherokee Nation East).
August 6 – Christian Eric Fahlcrantz , Swedish writer (b. 1790 )
August 20 – Maria De Mattias , Italian Catholic saint (b. 1805 )
August 29 – Tokugawa Iemochi , 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1846 )
September 4 – Theresa Pulszky , European author (b. 1819 )
September 30 – Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad , Swedo-Finnish treasurer of Tavastia province , manor host, and paternal grandfather of President P. E. Svinhufvud (b. 1804)[9]
October 13 – Celadon Leeds Daboll , American merchant and inventor (b. 1818 )
October 18 – Manuel Bulnes , Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (b. 1799 )
November 11 – Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte , Prince Imperial of Mexico (b. 1807 )
November 14 – King Miguel I of Portugal (b. 1802 )
November 26 – Jean-Jacques Willmar , Luxembourg politician (b. 1792 )
December 1 – George Everest , Welsh geodesist (b. 1790 )
December 21 – William J. Fetterman , United States Army officer (b. 1835 ?)[10]
December 21 – Mercedes Marín del Solar , Chilean poet, reform educator (b. 1804 )
"Civil Rights Act of 1866", in Encyclopedia of African American History , Volume 1, Leslie Alexander, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p699.