1821 (MDCCCXXI ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 821st year of the 2nd millennium , the 21st year of the 19th century , and the 2nd year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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1821 .
July–September
July 19: Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom
July 28: Proclamation of the Independence of Peru
September 15: Declaration of Independence of Central America
September 27: Entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees to Mexico City
July 4 – Return of John VI from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição .
July 19 – George IV is crowned king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick , is turned away from the ceremony.
July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire .
August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state.
August 7 (O.S. )/August 19 (N.S. ) – Navarino massacre : Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
August 21 – Jarvis Island is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the Eliza Frances .
August 24 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz , Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence .
August 30 – At the Congress of Cúcuta , the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President , and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
September 4 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of Mendoza .
September 15 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America . On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it.
September 4 (O.S. )/September 16 (N.S. ) – Ukase of 1821 : Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
September 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts .
September 27 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City , and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence .
January–June
James Longstreet
January 1 – Francisco de Paula Milán Mexican officier of the Mexican Army (d. 1883)
January 2 – Catherine Huggins , British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
January 8
February 3 – Elizabeth Blackwell , first American female physician (d. 1910)
February 11 – Auguste Edouard Mariette , French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
February 17 – Lola Montez , Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
February 19
March 1 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens , German Old Catholic bishop (d. 1896)
March 9 – John Watts de Peyster , American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
March 12 – Sir John Abbott , 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1893)
March 31 – Henry Dunning Macleod , Scottish economist (d. 1902)
April 1 – Princess Anka Obrenović , Serbian princess (d. 1868)
April 3 – Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale , English mystic (d. 1892)
April 9 – Charles Baudelaire , French poet, writer (d. 1867)[9]
April 12 – Beauchamp Seymour , British admiral (d. 1895)
May 6
May 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt , American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
May 16 – Pafnuty Chebyshev , Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
May 17 – Sebastian Kneipp , German naturopath (d. 1897)
May 18 – Eduard von Pestel , Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)
May 24 – Juan Bautista Topete , Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)
June 2 – Ion C. Brătianu , 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
June 16 – Old Tom Morris , Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
June 26 – Bartolomé Mitre , Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)
July–December
Louis Vuitton
Rudolf Virchow
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
July 1 – Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy , French archaeologist (d. 1904 )
July 2 – Sir Charles Tupper , 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915 )
July 6 – Edmund Pettus , American politician (d. 1907 )
July 9
July 13 – Nathan Bedford Forrest , American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877 )
July 16 – Mary Baker Eddy , American founder of Christian Science (d. 1910 )
July 17 – Friedrich Engelhorn , German industrialist and founder of BASF (d. 1902 )
July 18
July 24 – William Poole , infamous member of New York City's Bowery Boys gang (d. 1855 )
July 27 – George H. Cooper , United States Navy admiral (d. 1891 )
August 10 – Jay Cooke , American financier (d. 1905 )
August 16 – Arthur Cayley , English mathematician (d. 1895 )
August 21 – Louis Vuitton , French fashion designer (d. 1892 )
August 31 – Hermann von Helmholtz , German physician and physicist (d. 1894 )
September 21 – Andrei Alexandrovich Popov , Russian admiral (d. 1898 )
September 28 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs , African-American minister, politician (d. 1874 )
October 13 – Rudolf Virchow , German physician, pathologist, biologist, and politician (d. 1902 )
October 17 – Alexander Gardner , Scottish photographer (d. 1882 )
November 7 – Andrea Debono , Maltese trader and explorer (d. 1871 )[10]
November 11 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Russian writer (d. 1881 )[11]
November 24 – Henry Thomas Buckle , English historian sometimes called "the father of scientific history" (d. 1862 )
November 30 – Frederick Temple , Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1902 )
December 1 – John M. B. Clitz , American admiral (d. 1897 )
December 12 – Gustave Flaubert , French writer (d. 1880 )[12]
December 22 – Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. , American actor, theatre manager (d. 1883 )
December 24 – Gabriel García Moreno , former President of Ecuador (d. 1875 )
December 25 – Clara Barton , first president of American Red Cross (d. 1912 )
January–June
Napoleon Bonaparte
January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton , American saint (b. 1774)
January 5 – Carlo Porta , Milanese poet (b. 1775)
January 19 – Alexandru Suţu , prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)
February 23 – John Keats , British poet (b. 1795)[13]
February 26 – Joseph de Maistre , French-Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)
March 4 – Princess Elizabeth of Clarence , daughter of William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) (b. 1820)
March 13 – John Hunter , second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
April 10 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (b. 1746)
April 20 – Franz Karl Achard , German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
April 23 – Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville , French general (b. 1752)
May 2 – Hester Thrale , Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)[14]
May 5 – Napoleon Bonaparte , French Emperor and general (b. 1769)[15]
May 19 – Camille Jordan , French politician (b. 1771)
June 7 – Tudor Vladimirescu , Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)
June 17 – Martín Miguel de Güemes , Argentine military leader (b. 1785)
June 19 – Peter Ochs , Swiss politician (b. 1752)
June 23 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans , heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (b. 1753)
June 30 – José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa , viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)
July–December
John William Polidori
July 4 – Richard Cosway , English artist (b. 1742)
July 14 – Pedro Juan Caballero , Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
July 17 – Fulgencio Yegros , Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
August 7 – Caroline of Brunswick , Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
August 20 – Dorothea von Medem , Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
August 24 – John William Polidori , English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)[16]
September 4 – José Miguel Carrera , Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo , German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
September 14 – Heinrich Kuhl , German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
October 4 – Marie-Louise Lachapelle , French obstetrician (b. 1769)
October 6 – Anders Jahan Retzius , Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
October 8 – Juan O'Donojú , viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
October 11 – John Ross Key , American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter Francis Scott Key (b. 1754)
October 21 – Dorothea Ackermann , German actress (b. 1752)
November 8 – Jean Rapp , French general (b. 1771)
December 4 – John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker , British politician (b. 1752)
December 7 – King Pōmare II of Tahiti (b. 1782)
December 12 – Phoebe Hessel , British female soldier (b. 1713)
Palmer, Alan. Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace . Faber and Faber, 2011 p.416-17
Roberts, Warren. Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe . Boydell & Brewer, 2015. p.111
Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC-CLIO. p. 1139.
"Commerce between Russia and Persia— Proposed Union of the Black Sea with the Atlantic". The Oriental Herald (November 1826) p. 285.
Headland, Robert K. (1989). Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30903-5 . OCLC 185311468 . Morson, Gary Saul (November 7, 2023). "Fyodor Dostoyevsky" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2015 . Gustave Flaubert (1980). The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830-1857 . Harvard University Press. p. 1.