1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27, 1790, and October 11, 1791. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24, 1791. This was the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives.

1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1788 & 1789 April 27, 1790 – October 11, 1791[a] 1792 & 1793 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 67 seats in the United States House of Representatives[b] 34 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Jonathan Trumbull Jr. James Madison Party Pro-Administration Anti-Administration Leader's seat Connecticut at-large Virginia 5th Last election 37 seats 28 seats Seats won 39[1][c][d] 30[1][c][e] Seat change 2 2
Results:      Pro-Administration hold      Pro-Administration gain      Anti-Administration hold      Anti-Administration gain      Chesapeake gain      Undistricted territory
Speaker before election Frederick Muhlenberg Pro-Administration Elected Speaker Jonathan Trumbull Jr. Pro-Administration

While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (Pro-Admin.) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.

Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.^[2]

Retirements

Either five or six incumbents did not seek re-election.

Anti-Administration

1. Maryland 4: William Smith retired.
2. Virginia 6: Isaac Coles retired.

Aedanus Burke, a U.S. representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known.

Pro-Administration

1. Pennsylvania at-large: George Clymer retired.
2. Pennsylvania at-large: Henry Wynkoop retired.
3. Pennsylvania at-large: Thomas Scott retired.

Election summaries

In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, as early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.

Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each.^[3] The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Pro- Administration		Anti- Administration
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change
New York	Districts	April 27–29, 1790	6	4	1	2	1
New Hampshire	At-large	August 30, 1790	3	3	1	0	1
Virginia	Districts	September 1, 1790	10	2	1	8	1
Connecticut	At-large	September 20, 1790	5	5		0
Maryland	Mixed[f]	October 4, 1790	6	3	1	3	1
Massachusetts	Districts	October 4, 1790[g]	8	7	1	1	1
South Carolina	Districts	October 12, 1790	5	3	1	2	1
Rhode Island	At-large	October 19, 1790	1	1		0
Delaware	At-large	November 8, 1790	1	1		0
Georgia	District	January 3, 1791	3	0		3
New Jersey	At-large	January 26, 1791	4	4		0
North Carolina	Districts	January 28, 1791	5	2		3
Late elections (after the March 4, 1791, beginning of the term)
Vermont	Districts	July 13, 1791[h]	2	0		2	2
Pennsylvania	Districts	October 11, 1791	8	4	2	4	2
Kentucky	Districts	June 1, 1792	2	0		2	2
Total			67	39 56.5%	3	30 43.5%	1

House seats Pro-Admin   56.52% Anti-Admin   43.48%

Change in composition

End of the last Congress

A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	V	P	P	P
Majority →									P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P

Beginning of the next Congress

A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	P	P	P	P
Majority →									P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P

Key:	A Anti-Administration P Pro-Administration V Vacant

Special elections

See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections.

Elections are sorted by date then district.

1st Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 9	Theodorick Bland	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent died June 1, 1790. New member elected in July 1790. Anti-Administration hold. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y William B. Giles (Anti-Admin.) 54.5% ▌Thomas Edmunds (Pro-Admin.) 45.5%
Connecticut at-large	Pierpont Edwards	Pro- Administration	1790	Predecessor declined election. New member elected December 16, 1790. Pro-Administration hold. Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 48.6% ▌Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) 23.9% ▌Benjamin Huntington (Pro-Admin.) 13.2% ▌Tapping Reeve (Unknown) 8.1% ▌Stephen M. Mitchell (Unknown) 4.1% ▌James Davenport (Unknown) 1.5% ▌John Chester (Unknown) 0.7%

2nd Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1	Vacant			Rep.-elect James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) died May 24, 1790. New member elected April 26–28, 1791. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Admin.) 26.2% ▌John Vanderbilt (Pro-Admin.) 19.2% ▌Henry Peters (Pro-Admin.) 14.5% ▌Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Admin.) 14.2% ▌Stephen Carman (Anti-Admin.) 14.1% ▌Isaac Ledyard (Pro-Admin.) 11.8%
Connecticut at-large	Roger Sherman	Pro- Administration	1790	Incumbent-and-Representative-elect resigned March 31, 1791, to become U.S. Senator. New member elected September 19, 1791. Pro-Administration hold.	▌Y Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) [data missing]
Maryland 3	William Pinkney	Pro- Administration	1790	Incumbent resigned. New member elected October 26–29, 1791 and seated February 5, 1792. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.) Unopposed

Connecticut

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut at-large 5 seats	Roger Sherman	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected. Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election.	▌Y Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.) 2,969 votes ▌Y Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) 2,239 votes ▌Y James Hillhouse (Pro-Admin.) 2,035 votes ▌Y Jonathan Sturges (Pro-Admin.) 1,730 votes ▌Y Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 1,720 votes ▌Tapping Reeve (Pro-Admin.) 1,672 votes ▌Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 1,658 votes ▌Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.) 1,463 votes ▌Stephen M. Mitchell (Pro-Admin.) 1,435 votes ▌Benjamin Huntington (Pro-Admin.) 1,372 votes ▌John Chester (Unknown) 881 votes ▌James Davenport (Pro-Admin.) 786 votes[4]
	Benjamin Huntington	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.
	Jonathan Sturges	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.
	Jonathan Trumbull Jr.	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.
	Jeremiah Wadsworth	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. Winner declined to serve; the incumbent was re-elected in a special election.

There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.). The second was held September 19, 1791, to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.).

Delaware

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[i]
Delaware at-large	John Vining	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Vining (Pro-Admin.) 50.3% ▌Joshua Clayton (Pro-Admin.) 28.9% ▌Thomas Duff 20.8%

Georgia

Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia 1 "Southern (or Eastern) District"	James Jackson	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold. Election was subsequently successfully challenged, and the seat was declared vacant.	▌Y Anthony Wayne (Anti-Admin.) 50.4% ▌James Jackson (Anti-Admin.) 49.5% Others 0.2%
Georgia 2 "Middle District"	Abraham Baldwin	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Abraham Baldwin (Anti-Admin.) 56.2% ▌Thomas P. Carnes (Anti-Admin.) ▌James Jackson (Anti-Admin.) 1.2% ▌John Jones (Unknown) 0.3%
Georgia 3 "Northern (or Western) District"	George Mathews	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold.	▌Y Francis Willis (Anti-Admin.) 66.5% ▌George Mathews (Anti-Admin.) 33.5%

Kentucky

Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.

Maryland

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."

In Maryland, two local factions briefly emerged, the Chesapeake and Potomac (or Potowmack) "parties". The Potomac faction, consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties. To do so, they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future. Conversely, the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore's growth. Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore. They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties. They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore's prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown, the proposed federal city, and Alexandria.^[5][6]

Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level, the "Chesapeake Ticket" was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city. A "Potomac Ticket" was organized and led by Governor Smallwood. Turnout in Baltimore was around 99%, and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket. Statewide, the ticket won an overwhelming majority, securing all six seats. This victory threatened the county-based rural oligarchy, prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district-based system on December 19, 1790. Under this new system, all of Baltimore's votes would go to just one representative, Hartford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties, and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George's County and Annapolis. With the base of the Chesapeake "party" split between three districts, the Chesapeake faction would disappear. The political pattern created by this division would, however, "linger on indefinitely."^[6]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1	Michael J. Stone	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y Philip Key (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 56.8% ▌Michael J. Stone (Potomac; Anti-Admin.) 43.2%
Maryland 2	Joshua Seney	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joshua Seney (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 57.1% ▌James Tilghman (Potomac) 42.9%
Maryland 3	Benjamin Contee	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. Winner later resigned due to questions of eligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.).[7]	▌Y William Pinkney (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 61.6% ▌Benjamin Contee (Potomac; Anti-Admin.) 38.4%
Maryland 4	William Smith	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration hold.	▌Y Samuel Sterett (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 100%
Maryland 5	George Gale	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.	▌Y William Vans Murray (Chesapeake; Pro-Admin.) 56.4% ▌George Gale (Potomac; Pro-Admin.) 43.6%
Maryland 6	Daniel Carroll	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y Upton Sheredine (Chesapeake; Anti-Admin.) 55.5% ▌Daniel Carroll (Potomac; Pro-Admin.) 44.5%

Massachusetts

Main article: 1790–1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Fisher Ames	Pro- Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Fisher Ames (Pro-Admin.) 75.1% ▌Benjamin Austin (Anti-Admin.) 16.1% ▌Thomas Dawes (Anti-Admin.) 8.8%
Massachusetts 2	Benjamin Goodhue	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Benjamin Goodhue (Pro-Admin.) 88.8% ▌Samuel Holten (Anti-Admin) 11.2%
Massachusetts 3	Elbridge Gerry	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Elbridge Gerry (Anti-Admin.) 60.4% ▌Nathaniel Gorham (Pro-Admin.) 39.6%
Massachusetts 4	Theodore Sedgwick	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 75.0% ▌Samuel Lyman (Pro-Admin.) 16.3% Scattering 8.7%
Massachusetts 5	George Partridge	Pro- Administration	1788	Incumbent resigned August 14, 1790. Pro-Administration hold.	First ballot (October 4, 1790) ▌Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 41.8% ▌Thomas Davis (Unknown) 37.3% ▌Joshua Thomas (Unknown) 20.9% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) ▌Y Shearjashub Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 65.3% ▌Joshua Thomas (Unknown) 27.2% ▌Thomas Davis (Unknown) 7.5%
Massachusetts 6	George Leonard Redistricted from the 7th district	Pro- Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (October 4, 1790) ▌Walter Spooner (Unknown) 25.5% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 22.6% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 22.3% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.7% ▌David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 12.9% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) ▌Walter Spooner (Unknown) 24.8% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 28.4% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 25.7% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 12.5% ▌David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 8.6% Third ballot (January 25, 1791) ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 33.9% ▌Walter Spooner (Unknown) 28.3% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 24.0% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 8.5% ▌David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 5.3% Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791) ▌Walter Spooner (Unknown) 38.8% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 38.8% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 15.7% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 5.3% ▌David Cobb (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% Fifth ballot (July 18, 1791) ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 42.3% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 29.3% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 21.8% ▌Walter Spooner (Unknown) 6.6% Sixth ballot (September 8, 1791) ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 42.2% ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 41.6% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.2% Seventh ballot (November 11, 1791) ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 45.6% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 32.0% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 22.5% Eighth ballot (December 26, 1791) ▌George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 45.0% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 31.6% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 22.2% Ninth ballot (April 2, 1792) ▌Y George Leonard (Pro-Admin.) 55.6% ▌Phanuel Bishop (Anti-Admin.) 27.7% ▌Peleg Coffin Jr. (Pro-Admin.) 16.7%
Massachusetts 7	Jonathan Grout Redistricted from the 8th district	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	First ballot (October 4, 1790) ▌Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 39.1% ▌Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 39.0% ▌John Sprague (Unknown) 14.5% ▌Nathan Tyler (Unknown) 7.4% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) ▌Y Artemas Ward (Pro-Admin.) 56.6% ▌Jonathan Grout (Anti-Admin.) 43.4%
Massachusetts 8	George Thatcher Redistricted from the 6th district	Pro- Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (October 4, 1790) ▌George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 37.2% ▌William Lithgow (Unknown) 22.3% ▌Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 16.1% ▌Josiah Thatcher (Unknown) 9.2% ▌William Martin (Unknown) 4.9% ▌Arthur Noble (Unknown) 3.6% ▌Daniel Davis (Unknown) 1.8% ▌Peleg Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% Second ballot (November 26, 1790) ▌George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 49.8% ▌Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 31.0% ▌William Lithgow (Unknown) 14.8% Scattering 4.4% Third ballot (January 25, 1791) ▌George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 49.1% ▌William Lithgow (Unknown) 39.7% ▌Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 11.2% Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791) ▌Y George Thatcher (Pro-Admin.) 52.3% ▌William Lithgow (Unknown) 41.1% ▌Nathaniel Wells (Pro-Admin.) 6.6%

New Hampshire

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire at-large 3 seats on a general ticket	Abiel Foster	Pro-Administration	1789 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.	▌Y Samuel Livermore (Pro-Admin.) 25.1% ▌Y Jeremiah Smith (Pro-Admin.) 13.1% ▌Y Nicholas Gilman (Pro-Admin.) 11.8% ▌John S. Sherburne (Anti-Admin.) 11.1% ▌Abiel Foster (Pro-Admin.) 8.5% ▌James Sheafe (Pro-Admin.) 7.8% ▌Nathaniel Peabody (Pro-Admin.) 7.0% Others 15.5%
	Samuel Livermore	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.
	Nicholas Gilman	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[i]
New Jersey at-large 4 seats on a general ticket	Elias Boudinot	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Abraham Clark (Pro-Admin.) 19.9% ▌Y Jonathan Dayton (Pro-Admin.) 13.8% ▌Y Elias Boudinot (Pro-Admin.) 13.7% ▌Y Aaron Kitchell (Pro-Admin.) 8.8% ▌Lambert Cadwalader (Pro-Admin.) 7.0% ▌James Linn (Anti-Admin.) 5.5% ▌Thomas Sinnickson (Pro-Admin.) 5.1% ▌Robert Hoops (Unknown) 4.9% ▌Thomas Henderson (Pro-Admin.) 3.7% ▌John Witherspoon (Unknown) 2.7% ▌John Beatty (Pro-Admin.) 2.3% Others ▌John Sheppard (Unknown) 1.9% ▌Joseph Ellis (Unknown) 1.7% ▌Robert Ogden (Unknown) 1.5% ▌James Schureman (Pro-Admin.) 1.5% ▌John Harring (Unknown) 1.1% ▌John Hugg (Unknown) 1.1%
	Lambert Cadwalader	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.
	James Schureman	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.
	Thomas Sinnickson	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold.

New York

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York

New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1	William Floyd	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. Winner died May 24, 1790, before the start of the 2nd Congress. A special election was then held (see above).	▌Y James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) 35.5% ▌John Vanderbilt (Pro-Admin.) 19.6% ▌William Floyd (Anti-Admin.) 19.1% ▌Thomas Tredwell (Anti-Admin.) 17.0% ▌Ezra L'Hommedieu (Anti-Admin.) 8.8%
New York 2	John Laurance	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Laurance (Pro-Admin.) 98.4% ▌Melancton Smith (Anti-Admin.) 1.6%
New York 3	Egbert Benson	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Egbert Benson (Pro-Admin.) 60.8% ▌Theodorus Bailey (Anti-Admin.) 39.2%
New York 4	John Hathorn	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold.	▌Y Cornelius C. Schoonmaker (Anti-Admin.) 52.1% ▌Peter Van Gaasbeck (Pro-Admin.) 43.7% ▌John Hathorn (Anti-Admin.) 3.5% ▌Christopher Tappen (Anti-Admin.) 0.8%
New York 5	Peter Silvester	Pro- Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Peter Silvester (Pro-Admin.) 58.4% ▌John Livingston (Anti-Admin.) 41.6%
New York 6	Jeremiah Van Rensselaer	Anti- Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y James Gordon (Pro-Admin.) 59.0% ▌Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (Anti-Admin.) 41.0%

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and elected its representatives after admission.

1st Congress

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1 "Roanoke division"	State ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789.			First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y John B. Ashe (Anti-Admin.) 48.9% ▌Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Admin.) 41.5% ▌Stephen Moore (Unknown) 8.9% ▌Parsons[j] (Unknown) 0.7%
North Carolina 2 "Edenton and New Bern division"				First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Hugh Williamson (Anti-Admin.) 73.9% ▌Stephen Cabarrus (Unknown) 26.0%
North Carolina 3 "Cape Fear division"				First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below.	▌Y Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Admin.) 98.4% ▌Benjamin Smith (Unknown) 1.6%
North Carolina 4 "Yadkin division"				First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y John Steele (Pro-Admin.)[k] ▌Joseph MacDowell (Unknown) ▌Waightstill Avery (Unknown)
North Carolina 5 "Western division"				First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. District covered areas that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory, but member retained seat for the remainder of term.	▌Y John Sevier (Pro-Admin.)[k]

2nd Congress

Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1 "Yadkin Division"	John Steele Redistricted from the 4th district	Pro- Administration	1790	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Steele (Pro-Admin.) 87.3% ▌Joseph MacDowell (Anti-Admin.) 12.7%
North Carolina 2 "Centre Division"	None (new district)			New seat. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y Nathaniel Macon (Anti-Admin.)[k] ▌Alexander Mebane (Anti-Admin.)
North Carolina 3	John Baptista Ashe Redistricted from the 1st district	Anti- Administration	1790	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Jonathan B. Ashe (Anti-Admin.)[k]
North Carolina 4 "Albemarle Division"	Hugh Williamson Redistricted from the 2nd district	Anti- Administration	1790	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Hugh Williamson (Anti-Admin.)[l] ▌Charles Johnson (Anti-Admin.)
North Carolina 5 "Cape Fear Division"	Timothy Bloodworth Redistricted from the 3rd district	Anti- Administration	1790	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y William B. Grove (Pro-Admin.) 65.2% ▌Timothy Bloodworth (Anti-Admin.) 34.6% ▌Benjamin Smith (Pro-Admin.) 0.2%

Pennsylvania

Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the 8th district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the 2nd district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[8]
Pennsylvania 1	Thomas Fitzsimons Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Fitzsimons (Pro-Admin.) 85.1% ▌Charles Thomson (Anti-Admin.) 14.9%
Pennsylvania 2	Frederick Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌ Y Frederick Muhlenberg (Pro-Admin.)[k] ▌Amos Greg (Anti-Admin.) ▌"Dr." Jones (Unknown)[9]
	George Clymer Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.
	Henry Wynkoop Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss.
Pennsylvania 3	Peter Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at-large district	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y Israel Jacobs (Pro-Admin.) 61.2% ▌Peter Muhlenberg (Anti-Admin.) 38.8%
Pennsylvania 4	Daniel Hiester Redistricted from the at-large district	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel Hiester (Anti-Admin.) 100%
Pennsylvania 5	None (new district)			New seat. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y John W. Kittera (Pro-Admin.) 100%
Pennsylvania 6	None (new district)			New seat. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y Andrew Gregg (Anti-Admin.) 51.2% ▌John Allison (Pro-Admin.) 18.3% ▌James McLean (Anti-Admin.) 10.9% ▌Thomas Johnston (Pro-Admin.) 10.3% ▌William Montgomery (Anti-Admin.) 9.3%
Pennsylvania 7	Thomas Hartley Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Hartley (Pro-Admin.) 71.1% ▌William Irvine (Anti-Admin.) 28.9%
Pennsylvania 8	Thomas Scott Redistricted from the at-large district	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration gain.	▌Y William Findley (Anti-Admin.) 65.2% ▌John Woods (Pro-Admin.) 34.8%

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

1st Congress

Main article: August 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island

Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island at-large	State ratified the U.S. Constitution May 29, 1790.			First member elected August 31, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 72.7% ▌Job Comstock (Unknown) 23.2% ▌James Sheldon (Unknown) 3.4%[i]

2nd Congress

Main article: October 1790 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island

Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island at-large	Benjamin Bourne	Pro- Administration	August 1790	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Benjamin Bourne (Pro-Admin.) 56.6% ▌Paul Mumford (Unknown) 33.0% ▌James Sheldon (Unknown) 10.1%

South Carolina

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1 "Charleston Division"	William L. Smith	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William L. Smith (Pro-Admin.)[k]
South Carolina 2 "Beaufort Division"	Aedanus Burke	Anti-Administration	1788	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain.	▌Y Robert Barnwell (Pro-Admin.)[k]
South Carolina 3 "Georgetown Division"	Daniel Huger	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel Huger (Pro-Admin.)[k]
South Carolina 4 "Camden Division"	Thomas Sumter	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Sumter (Anti-Admin.)[k]
South Carolina 5 "Ninety-Six Division"	Thomas Tudor Tucker	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas Tudor Tucker (Anti-Admin.)[k]

Vermont

Main article: 1791 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[i]
Vermont 1 "Western Division"	New state admitted.			First member elected. Anti-Administration win.	First ballot (July 13, 1791) ▌Matthew Lyon (Anti-Admin.) 28.7% ▌Israel Smith (Anti-Admin.) 24.6% ▌Isaac Tichenor (Pro-Admin.) 22.7% ▌Samuel Hitchcock (Unknown) 18.1% ▌Ira Allen (Unknown) 2.3% ▌Ebenezer Marvin (Unknown) 1.6% ▌Gideon Olin (Unknown) 1.3% Others 0.7% Second ballot (September 6, 1791) ▌Y Israel Smith (Anti-Admin.) 68.4% ▌Matthew Lyon (Anti-Admin.) 29.4% ▌Isaac Tichenor (Pro-Admin.) 2.2%
Vermont 2 "Eastern Division"	New state admitted.			First member elected. Anti-Administration win.	▌Y Nathaniel Niles (Anti-Admin.)[k] ▌Stephen Jacob (Unknown) ▌Daniel Buck (Pro-Admin.)

Virginia

Main article: 1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 1	Alexander White	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Alexander White (Pro-Admin.) 93.3% ▌J. P. Duvall (Unknown) 6.7%
Virginia 2	John Brown	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Brown (Anti-Admin.)[k] ▌James M. Marshall (Unknown)
Virginia 3	Andrew Moore	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Andrew Moore (Anti-Admin.) 100%
Virginia 4	Richard Bland Lee	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Richard Bland Lee (Pro-Admin.) 62.1% ▌Arthur Lee (Anti-Admin.) 37.9%
Virginia 5	James Madison	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Madison (Anti-Admin.) 97.8% ▌James Monroe (Anti-Admin.) 2.2%
Virginia 6	Isaac Coles	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration hold.	▌Y Abraham B. Venable (Anti-Admin.)[k] ▌Charles Lintch (Unknown) ▌Charles Clay (Unknown)
Virginia 7	John Page	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Page (Anti-Admin.)[k] ▌Meriwether Smith (Unknown) ▌Francis Corbin (Unknown) ▌Henry Lee (Unknown)
Virginia 8	Josiah Parker	Anti-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Josiah Parker (Anti-Admin.) 76.1% ▌Isaac Avery (Unknown) 23.9%
Virginia 9	William B. Giles	Anti-Administration	1790 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William B. Giles (Anti-Admin.) 59.3% ▌Thomas Edmonds (Pro-Admin.) 40.6% ▌John Mason (Unknown) 0.1%
Virginia 10	Samuel Griffin	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Administration.	▌Y Samuel Griffin (Anti-Admin.)[m][k]

See also

• 1790 United States elections
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)
  • 1790–91 United States Senate elections
• 1st United States Congress
• 2nd United States Congress

Notes

1. Excluding states that joined during the Second Congress and a very late run-off election in Massachusetts's 6th congressional district.
2. 2 more seats were added by the admission of new states after the start of this Congress
3. Includes the late election from Kentucky who was admitted to the union after the 2nd Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until June 1791
4. Including three Chesapeake members who were Pro-Administration
5. Including three Chesapeake members who were Anti-Administration
6. Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.
7. add Massachusetts required a majority for electionitional trials were required in 4 districts, held between November 26, 1790, and April 2, 1792.
8. A majority was required for election, which was not met in one of the districts necessitating a second election on September 6, 1791
9. Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed
10. Source does not give first name
11. Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data
12. Changed from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration between the 1st and 2nd Congresses
13. and Had been Pro-Administration previous electionwould switch back to Pro-Administration in the next election

References

1. "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
2. Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (2013). Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University. pp. 26–27.
3. 1 Stat. 191
4. "Connecticut 1790 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018., citing The Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). October 22, 1790.
5. Ridgway, Whitman H. (2018). Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469648040.
6. Renzulli, L. Marx (1973). Maryland: the Federalist Years. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 149–155. ISBN 9780838679036.
7. "Second Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
8. Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project
9. Lampi, Philip. "Pennsylvania 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved May 22, 2024.

Bibliography

• "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). 1788 United States Congressional Elections-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
• Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved September 6, 2024.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)