1669 in science

The year 1669 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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Astronomy

• February 23 – Isaac Newton writes his first description of his new invention, the reflecting telescope.^[1]
• Geminiano Montanari detects the variability of the eclipsing binary Algol.
• Jean Picard begins measurement of 1 degree of Earth's meridian arc in France.

Biology

• Marcello Malpighi publishes Dissertatio Epistolica de Bombyce in London, a study of Bombyx mori which is the first published monograph on an invertebrate.
• Robert Morison publishes Praeludia Botanica, emphasising use of the structure of a plant's fruits for its classification.
• Francis Willughby and John Ray publish "Experiments concerning the motion of sap in trees, made this spring".^[2]
• Jan Swammerdam publishes Historia Insectorum Generalis in the Netherlands, explaining the process of metamorphosis in insects.

Chemistry

• Phosphorus is discovered by German alchemist Hennig Brand,^[3] the first chemical element to be discovered that was not known since ancient times.^[4]

Geology

• Nicolas Steno puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils are organic in origin.^[5]

Mathematics

• October 29 – Isaac Newton is appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.^[6]

Physics

• Rasmus Bartholin publishes his observation of the birefringence of a light ray by Iceland spar (calcite).^[7]
• Robert Boyle publishes A Continuation of New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring and Weight of the Air, and Their Effects.

Physiology and medicine

• Richard Lower publishes his Tractatus de Corde on the workings of the heart.
• The Chinese traditional herbal medicine company Tong Ren Tang (同仁堂) is established in Beijing by imperial physician Yue Xianyang.

Publications

• Isaac Barrow publishes Lectiones Opticæ et Geometricæ in London.

Births

• May 26 – Sébastien Vaillant, French botanist (died 1722)

Deaths

• April 12 – Abdias Treu, German mathematician (born 1597)
• c. April – Nicasius le Febure, French-born royal chemist, alchemist and apothecary (born 1615)

References

1. Hall, A. Rupert (1996). Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
2. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 4: pp. 963–965.
3. Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850341-5.
4. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1): 11. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9...11W. doi:10.1021/ed009p11.
5. De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus.
6. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
7. Bartholin, Erasmus (1669). Experimenta crystalli islandici disdiaclastici quibus mira & insolita refractio detegitur. Copenhagen: Daniel Paulli. English translation: Experiments with the double refracting Iceland crystal which led to the discovery of a marvelous and strange refraction tr. by Werner Brandt. Westtown, Pa., 1959.