Els caràcids (Characidae) són una família de peixos teleostis de l'ordre dels caraciformes que comprèn una gran varietat de peixos petits que, majoritàriament, viuen formant bancs.[2]
Dades ràpides Characidae, Període ...
Tanca
La majoria de les espècies d'aquesta família es caracteritza per tindre una petita aleta adiposa i una dentició forta i tallant.[2]
Algunes espècies són carnívores (depredadores) i d'altres herbívores.[2]
A un gran nombre d'espècies els agrada viure en aigua dolça lleugerament àcida.[2]
- Subfamília Serrasalminae:
- Gèneres d'altres subfamílies:
- Acanthocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)[8]
- Acestrocephalus (Eigenmann, 1910)[9]
- Acinocheirodon (Malabarba & Weitzman, 1999)
- Acnodon (Eigenmann, 1903)[5]
- Acrobrycon (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)
- Agoniates (Müller & Troschel, 1845)
- Amazonspinther (Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman, 2008)[11]
- Aphyocharacidium (Géry, 1960)
- Aphyocharax (Günther, 1868)[12]
- Aphyocheirodon (Eigenmann, 1915)[13]
- Aphyodite (Eigenmann, 1912)[8]
- Argopleura (Eigenmann, 1913)
- Astyanacinus (Eigenmann, 1907)[14]
- Astyanax (Baird & Girard, 1854)
- Atopomesus (Myers, 1927)[15]
- Attonitus (Vari & Ortega, 2000)[16]
- Aulixidens (Böhlke, 1952)
- Axelrodia (Géry, 1965)
- Bario (Myers, 1940)
- Boehlkea (Géry, 1966)
- Brachychalcinus (Boulenger, 1892)[20]
- Bramocharax (Gill, 1877)[21]
- Brittanichthys (Géry, 1965)
- Brycon (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
- Bryconacidnus (Myers, 1929)
- Bryconadenos (Weitzman, Menezes, Evers & Burns, 2005)[22]
- Bryconamericus (Eigenmann, 1907)
- Bryconella (Géry, 1965)
- Bryconexodon (Géry, 1980)
- Bryconops (Kner, 1858)[26]
- Caiapobrycon (Malabarba & Vari, 2000)
- Carlana (Strand, 1982)
- Carlastyanax (Géry, 1972)
- Catoprion (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
- Ceratobranchia (Eigenmann, 1914)[31]
- Chalceus (Cuvier, 1818)[32]
- Chalcinus
- Characinus
- Charax (Scopoli, 1777)
- Cheirodon (Girard, 1855)[33]
- Cheirodontops (Schultz, 1944)
- Chilobrycon (Géry & de Rham, 1981)
- Chrysobrycon (Weitzman & Menezes, 1998)
- Clupeacharax (Pearson, 1924)
- Colossoma (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)[37]
- Compsura (Eigenmann, 1915)
- Coptobrycon (Géry, 1966)
- Corynopoma (Gill, 1858)
- Creagrutus (Günther, 1864)
- Ctenobrycon (Eigenmann, 1908)
- Cyanocharax (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003)[40]
- Cynopotamus (Valenciennes, 1849)
- Deuterodon (Eigenmann, 1907)
- Diapoma (Cope, 1894)[41]
- Engraulisoma (Castro, 1981)
- Exodon (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
- Galeocharax (Fowler, 1910)[44]
- Genycharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Gephyrocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Glandulocauda (Eigenmann, 1911)
- Gnathocharax (Fowler, 1913)
- Grundulus (Valenciennes, 1846)
- Gymnocharacinus (Steindachner, 1903)
- Gymnocorymbus (Eigenmann, 1908)
- Gymnotichthys (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)[48]
- Hasemania (Ellis, 1911)
- Hemibrycon (Günther, 1864)[50]
- Hemigrammus (Gill, 1858)[51]
- Henochilus (Garman, 1890)
- Heterocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Heterocheirodon (Malabarba, 1998)
- Hollandichthys (Eigenmann, 1910)
- Hoplocharax (Géry, 1966)
- Hyphessobrycon (Durbin, 1908)[55]
- Hypobrycon (Malabarba & Malabarba, 1994)
- Hysteronotus (Eigenmann, 1911)
- Iguanodectes (Cope, 1872)
- Inpaichthys (Géry & Junk, 1977)
- Iotabrycon (Roberts, 1973)
- Jupiaba (Zanata, 1997)[59]
- Knodus (Eigenmann, 1911)
- Kolpotocheirodon (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2000)
- Landonia (Eigenmann & Henn, 1914)
- Leptagoniates (Boulenger, 1887)
- Leptobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
- Lignobrycon (Eigenmann & Myers, 1929)
- Lobodeuterodon
- Lonchogenys (Myers, 1927)
- Lophiobrycon (Castro, Ribeira, Benine & Melo, 2003)
- Macropsobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)[64]
- Markiana (Eigenmann, 1903)[5]
- Megalobrycon
- Microgenys (Eigenmann, 1913)
- Microschemobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
- Mimagoniates (Regan, 1907)[65]
- Mixobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
- Moenkhausia (Eigenmann, 1903)
- Monotocheirodon (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)
- Mylesinus (Valenciennes, 1850)[67]
- Myletes
- Myleus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
- Myloplus (Gill, 1896)
- Mylossoma (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)
- Myxiops (Zanata & Akama, 2004)
- Nanocheirodon (Malabarba, 1998)[69]
- Nantis (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta, 2004)
- Nematobrycon (Eigenmann, 1911)
- Nematocharax (Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, 1986)
- Notropocharax
- Odontostilbe (Cope, 1870)
- Odontostoechus (Gomes, 1947)
- Oligobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)[64]
- Oligosarcus (Günther, 1864)[75]
- Orthospinus (Reis, 1989)[76]
- Ossubtus (Jégu, 1992)[78]
- Othonocheirodus (Myers, 1927)[80]
- Oxybrycon (Géry, 1964)[81]
- Paracheirodon (Géry, 1960)[83]
- Paragoniates (Steindachner, 1876)
- Parapristella (Géry, 1964)[85]
- Parastremma (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Parecbasis (Eigenmann, 1914)[86]
- Petitella (Géry & Boutière, 1964)
- Phenacobrycon (Eigenmann, 1922)[88]
- Phenacogaster (Eigenmann, 1907)[89]
- Phenagoniates (Eigenmann & Wilson, 1914)[90]
- Piabarchus (Myers, 1928)[92]
- Piabina (Reinhardt, 1867)[93]
- Piabucus (Oken, 1817)
- Planaltina (Böhlke, 1954)[94]
- Poecilurichthys
- Poptella (Eigenmann, 1908)[95]
- Priocharax (Weitzman & Vari, 1987)
- Prionobrama (Fowler, 1913)[96]
- Pristella (Eigenmann, 1908)[95]
- Pristobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
- Probolodus (Eigenmann, 1911)[98]
- Prodontocharax (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)[100]
- Psalidodon (Eigenmann, 1911)[98]
- Psellogrammus (Eigenmann, 1908)[95]
- Pseudochalceus (Kner, 1863)[102]
- Pseudocheirodon (Girard, 1855)
- Pseudocorynopoma (Perugia, 1891)
- Pterobrycon (Eigenmann, 1913)
- Ptychocharax (Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison & Royero L., 1994)
- Pygocentrus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)[6]
- Pygopristis (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
- Rachoviscus (Myers, 1926)[104]
- Rhinobrycon (Myers, 1944)
- Rhinopetitia (Géry, 1964)
- Rhoadsia (Fowler, 1911)[107]
- Rhodeoides
- Roeboexodon (Géry, 1959)[108]
- Roeboides (Günther, 1864)
- Saccoderma (Schultz, 1944)[34]
- Salminus (Agassiz, 1829)[109]
- Schultzites (Géry, 1964)
- Scissor (Günther, 1864)[50]
- Scopaeocharax (Weitzman & Fink, 1985)[111]
- Serrabrycon (Vari, 1986)[112]
- Serrapinnus (Malabarba, 1998)[113]
- Spintherobolus (Eigenmann, 1911)
- Stethaprion (Cope, 1870)[114]
- Stichonodon (Eigenmann, 1903)
- Stygichthys (Brittan & Böhlke, 1965)[116]
- Tetragonopterus (Cuvier, 1816)[117]
- Thayeria (Eigenmann, 1908)[55]
- Thrissobrycon (Böhlke, 1953)
- Tometes (Valenciennes, 1850)[119]
- Triportheus (Cope, 1872)
- Tucanoichthys (Géry & Römer, 1997)
- Tyttobrycon (Géry, 1973)[121]
- Tyttocharax (Fowler, 1913)[96]
- Utiaritichthys (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
- Vesicatrus
- Wateina
- Xenagoniates (Myers, 1942)
- Xenurobrycon (Myers & Miranda-Ribeiro, 1945)[123]
- Xenurocharax
- Xiphorhamphus
- Zygogaster[124][125][126][127][128][129][130]
Berg, L.S. 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlín. Cope, E. D. 1878. Synopsis of the fishes of the Peruvian Amazon, obtained by Professor Orton during his expeditions of 1873 and 1877. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. v. 17 (núm. 101): 673-701. Eigenmann C. H. 1903. New genera of South American fresh-water fishes, and new names for old genera. Smithson. Misc. Collect. (Quarterly) v. 45. 144-148. Müller, J. & F. H. Troschel 1844. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Arch. Naturgeschichte v. 10 (pt 1): 81-99 + Zu pag. 99.
Lacépède, B. G. E., 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 5: i-lxviii + 1-803 + index, Pls. 1-21. Eigenmann, C. H. 1912. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 5 (núm. 1): i-xxii + 1-578, Pls. 1-103. Eigenmann, C. H., 1910. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. A Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia 1896-1899. Zoology. Catalogue v. 3 (pt 4): 375-511. Malabarba, L. R. & S. H. Weitzman 1999. A new genus and species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, including comments about inseminating cheirodontines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Núm. 112: 410-431. Bührnheim, C.M., Carvalho, T.P., Malabarba, L.R. & Weitzman, S.H. 2008. A new genus and species of characid fish from the Amazon basin - the recognition of a relictual lineage of characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Cheirodontinae: Cheirodontini). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (4): 663-678. Günther, A., 1868. Diagnoses of some new freshwater fishes from Surinam and Brazil, in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 4) v. 1 (núm. 6): 475-481. Eigenmann, C. H. 1907. Fowler's "Heterognathus Fishes" with a note on the Stethaprioninae. Am. Nat. v. 41 (núm. 492): 767-772. Myers, G. S. 1927. Descriptions of new South American fresh-water fishes collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 68 (núm. 3): 107-135. Vari, R. P. & H. Ortega 2000. Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 11 (núm. 2): 113-140. Böhlke, J. E., 1952. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. Núm. 1. A new genus of Cheirodontine characids from the Canal de Casiquiare and adjacent waters in Venezuela and northern Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 5 (núm. 56): 775-777. Eigenmann, C. H., 1893. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Central America and southern Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 16 (núm. 925): 53-60. Géry, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the description of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J. v. 37 (núm. 5): 211-236. Boulenger, G. A. 1892. On some new or little-known fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore during their recent expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 6) v. 10 (núm. 55): 9-12, Pls. 1-2. Gill, T. N. & J. F. Bransford 1877. Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 29: 175-191. Weitzman, S. H., N. A. Menezes, H.-G. Evers, & J. R. Burns. 2005. Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 3 (núm. 3): 329-360. Weitzman, S. H., N. A. Menezes, H.-G. Evers, & J. R. Burns. 2005. Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 3 (núm. 3): 329-360. Menezes, N. A., Netto-Ferreira, A. L. & Ferreira, K. M. 2009. A new species of Bryconadenos (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Curuá, rio Xingu drainage, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 7 (2): 147-152. Fowler, H. W., 1946. Description of a new South American characin (Cheirodon pallidifrons new species). The Fish Culturist v. 26 (núm. 1): 1-2. Kner R. 1858. Beiträge zur Familie der Characinen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 30 (núm. 13). 75-80.
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Malabarba, L. R. & S. H. Weitzman 2003. Description of a new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Technol. PUCRS, Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre v. 16 (núm. 1): 67-151. Cope E. D. 1894. On three new genera of Characinidae. Am. Nat. v. 28 (núm. 325). 67.
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Wien v. 42: 55-104, Pls. 1-9. Mirande, J. M., G. Aguilera & M. D. Azpelicueta. 2004. A new genus and species of small characid (Ostariophysi, Characidae) from the upper río Bermejo basin, northwestern Argentina. Rev. Suisse Zool. v. 111 (núm. 4): 715-728. Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N. A. & Britski, H. A. 1986. Nematocharax venustus, a new genus and species of fish from the Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 99 (núm. 2): 335-346. Gomes, A. L. 1947. A small collection of fishes from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. Núm. 67: 1-39, Pls. 1-3. Reis R. E. 1989. Systematic revision of the neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ciênc. PUCRS, Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre v. 2 (núm. 6). 3-86. Eigenmann, C. H., 1914. Some results from studies of South American fishes. IV. New genera and species of South American fishes. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 135). Indiana University Studies Núm. 20: 44-48. Myers G. S. 1927. Descriptions of new South American fresh-water fishes collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 68 (núm. 3). 107-135. Géry J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna v. 4 (núm. 1). 1-44. Géry, J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna v. 4 (núm. 1): 1-44. Géry, J. 1960. Contributions to the study of characoid fishes. 11. The generic position of Hyphessobrycon innesi and Chairodon axelrodi, with a review of the morphological affinities of some Cheirodontinae (Pisces -- Cypriniformes). Bull. Aquatic Biol. v. 2 (núm. 12): 1-18. Steindachner, F. 1876. Ichthyologische Beiträge (V). (Subtitles i-v.). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.): 49-240, Pls. 1-15. Géry J. 1964. 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