Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler je bio njemački nacionalsocijalistički političar za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. Bio je vođa (Reichsführer) SS trupa i time odgovoran za zločine i holokaust nad evropskim Židovima, kao i za zločine jedinica Waffen-SS-a. Izvršio je samoubistvo uzimanjem kapsule cijankalija 23. maja 1945. godine.

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler
Heinrich Himmler 1942. godine
Rođenje	(1900-10-07) 7. oktobar 1900. München, Njemačko Carstvo
Smrt	23. maj 1945(1945-05-23) (44 godine) Lüneburg, Nacistička Njemačka

Himmler se pridružio Nacističkoj stranci 1. augusta 1923.^[1] dobivši partijski broj 14303.^[2] Kao član Röhmove paravojne jedinice, Himmler je bio uključen u Beer Hall Pusch — neuspješan pokušaj Hitlera i Nacističke partije da preuzmu vlast u Minhenu. Ovaj događaj bi pokrenuo Himmlera na politički život. Policija ga je ispitivala o njegovoj ulozi u puču, ali nije optužen zbog nedovoljnih dokaza. Međutim, izgubio je posao, nije mogao da se zaposli kao upravnik farme i morao je da se preseli kod roditelja u Minhen. Frustriran ovim neuspjesima, postao je sve razdražljiviji, agresivniji i tvrdoglaviji, otuđujući se od prijatelja i članova porodice.^[3]

Nakon ostavke komandanta SS Erharda Heidena u januaru 1929., Himmler je preuzeo poziciju Reichsführera-SS uz Hitlerovo odobrenje;^{[4] [a]} i dalje je obavljao svoje dužnosti u propagandnom štabu. Jedna od njegovih prvih obaveza bila je da organizuje SS učesnike na Nirnberškom mitingu tog septembra.^[3] Tokom naredne godine, Himmler je povećao SS sa snage od oko 290 ljudi na oko 3.000. Do 1930. Himmler je uvjerio Hitlera da vodi SS kao zasebnu organizaciju, iako je službeno još uvijek bila podređena SA.^[5]

Početkom 1945. godine, njemački ratni napori bili su na ivici propasti i Himmlerov odnos sa Hitlerom se pogoršao. Himmler je razmatrao samostalno pregovaranje o mirovnom rešenju. Njegov maser, Feliks Kersten, koji se preselio u Švedsku, bio je posrednik u pregovorima sa grofom Folkeom Bernadotom, šefom švedskog Crvenog krsta . Razmijenjena su pisma između dvojice muškaraca,^[2] a direktne sastanke je organizirao Walter Schellenberg iz RSHA.^[6]

U martu 1945. Himmler je izdao direktivu da se Jevreji odvedu od projekta izgradnje utvrđenja jugoistočnog zida (Südostwall) na granici Austro-Ugarske do Mauthausena. Želio je taoce za potencijalne mirovne pregovore. Hiljade su poginule na marševima.^{[7] [8]}

Himlerov leš nakon njegovog samoubistva trovanjem cijanidom, maj 1945.

Himmler u posjeti koncentracionom logoru Dachau 1936

Himmler pregleda logor za ratne zarobljenike u Rusiji, c. 1941

Reference

1. Gellately 2020.
2. Manvell i Fraenkel 2007.
3. Longerich 2012.
4. McNab 2009.
5. Evans 2003.
6. Kershaw 2008.
7. Rathkolb 2022.
8. Nuremberg Trials 1946.

Bilješke

1. U to vrijeme Reichsführer-SS bio je samo naslovna pozicija, a ne stvarni SS čin (McNab 2009, str. 18, 29).

Citati

Bibliografija

Printana

• Biondi, Robert, ured. (2000) [1942]. SS Officers List: (as of 30 January 1942): SS-Standartenfuhrer to SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer: Assignments and Decorations of the Senior SS Officer Corps. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-1061-4.
• Breitman, Richard (2004). Himmler and the Final Solution: The Architect of Genocide. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-089-4.
• Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.
• Cecil, Robert (1972). The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN 978-0-396-06577-7.
• Cesarani, David (2004). Holocaust: From the Persecution of the Jews to Mass Murder. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27511-8.
• Duffy, Christopher (1991). Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March On Germany, 1945. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80505-9.
• Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.
• Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.
• Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
• Flaherty, T. H. (2004) [1988]. The Third Reich: The SS. Time-Life Books, Inc. ISBN 1-84447-073-3.
• Frank, Hans, ured. (1933–1934). Jahrbuch der Akademie für Deutsches Recht [Yearbook of the Academy for German Law] (1st izd.). München/Berlin/Leipzig: Schweitzer Verlag.
• Gellately, Robert (2020). Hitler's True Believers: How Ordinary People Became Nazis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-068990-2.
• Gerwarth, Robert (2011). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8.
• Gilbert, Martin (1987) [1985]. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-0348-2.
• Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8.
• Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et al. (producers) (2011). The Battle for Germany (television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media's Official YouTube Channel. Pristupljeno 15. 5. 2015.
• Hillgruber, Andreas (1989). The Nazi Holocaust Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 1. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. ISBN 978-0-88736-266-8.
• Himmler, Katrin (2007). The Himmler Brothers. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44814-7.
• Internationaler Militärgerichtshof Nürnberg (IMT) (1989). Der Nürnberger Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher (jezik: njemački). Band 29: Urkunden und anderes Beweismaterial. Nachdruck München: Delphin Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7735-2523-9.
• Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
• Koehl, Robert (2004). The SS: A History 1919–45. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-75242-559-7.
• Kohn-Bramstedt, Ernest (1998) [1945]. Dictatorship and Political Police: The Technique of Control by Fear. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17542-5.
• Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8.
• Lens, Lennart (2019). The Forgotten Holocaust: The systematic genocide on the Slavic people by the Nazis during the Second World War (BA thesis). Arhivirano s originala, 25. 6. 2021 – preko Leiden University.
• Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195142403.
• Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
• Lukas, Richard C. (2001) [1994]. Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945. New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 978-0-7818-0870-5.
• Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3.
• Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2011) [1962]. Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader. London: Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-61608-109-6.
• Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9.
• McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-49-5.
• Naimark, Norman (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs - Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". u Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (ured.). The Cambridge World History of Genocide. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108767118. ISBN 978-1-108-48707-8.
• Nicholas, Lynn H. (2006) [2005]. Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web. New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-77663-5.
• Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4.
• Trial of The Major War Criminals before The Internal Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946. One hundred and thirty-eighth day, Friday, 24 May 1946 (PDF). International Military Tribunal Nuremberg. 1948. str. 440. Pristupljeno 26. 6. 2023.
• Padfield, Peter (1990). Himmler: Reichsführer-SS. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2699-1.
• Penkower, Monty Noam (1988). The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1952-9.
• Pringle, Heather (2006). The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-6886-5.
• Rathkolb, Oliver (2022). Baldur von Schirach: Nazi Leader and Head of the Hitler Youth (jezik: engleski). Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-3990-2096-1.
• Rupp, Leila J. (1979). Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04649-2.
• Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth. New York; Toronto: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8.
• Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
• Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.
• Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 0-06-082581-2.
• Toland, John (1977) [1976]. Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography. London: Book Club Associates.
• Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2012) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (Seventh izd.). London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-1-4472-1861-6.
• Trigg, Jonathan (2020). To VE-Day through German Eyes: The Final Defeat of Nazi Germany. Stroud UK: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-9944-8. CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
• Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0304-5.
• Williams, Max (2001). Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography: Volume 1. Church Stretton: Ulric. ISBN 978-0-9537577-5-6.
• Williams, Max (2015). SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard, Vol. 1 (A-J). Fonthill Media LLC. ISBN 978-1-78155-433-3.
• Yenne, Bill (2010). Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS. Minneapolis: Zenith. ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3.
• Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, ured. (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Amy Hackett (trans.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-897502-3.
• Ziemke, Earl F. (1968). Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army.

Online

• "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?". Yad Vashem. Arhivirano s originala, 19. 5. 2008. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2012.
• "Introduction to the Holocaust". ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2012.
• "The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941– January 1942". ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Pristupljeno 9. 6. 2012.
• Corera, Gordon (23. 5. 2020). "Heinrich Himmler: How a fake stamp led to the Nazi SS leader's capture". BBC News. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2020.
• Himmler, Heinrich (1936). The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization [Die Schutzstaffel als antibolschewistische Kampforganisation] (jezik: njemački). Franz Eher Verlag.
• Himmler, Heinrich (6. 10. 1943). "Heinrich Himmler's Speech at Poznan (Posen)". Holocaust History Project. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 5. 2012. Pristupljeno 5. 6. 2012.
• Himmler, Heinrich (6. 10. 1943). "The Complete Text of the Poznan Speech". Holocaust History Project. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 2. 2012. Pristupljeno 5. 6. 2012.
• Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007). "SS & Other Nazi Leaders". Holocaust Research Project. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2012.
• Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia". Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime. Atlanta: Emory University. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 7. 2012. Pristupljeno 31. 7. 2013.
• Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942". Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime. Atlanta: Emory University. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 7. 2009. Pristupljeno 31. 7. 2013.
• van Roekel, Evertjan (2010). "Nederlandse SS'ers en de Holocaust" [Dutch SS and the Holocaust]. Historisch Nieuwsblad (jezik: nizozemski). Pristupljeno 28. 8. 2014.
• Sauer, Wolfgang. "Heinrich Himmler". grolier.com. Arhivirano s originala, 11. 12. 1997. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2012.
• Sereny, Gitta (novembar 1999). "Stolen Children". Talk. Jewish Virtual Library. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2012.
• Staff. "Germany's BND spy agency employed Heinrich Himmler's daughter". Deutsche Welle. Pristupljeno 13. 10. 2018.
• Staff (24. 5. 1945). "Heinrich Himmler Kills Himself in British Prison". Bend Bulletin. Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2014.
• Staff (2. 12. 2010). "Shadowy Nazi support group still honours daughter of SS head". sify.com. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 12. 2010. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2012.
• US War Department, Office of Strategic Services (2001). "The Career of Heinrich Himmler" (PDF). CIA.gov. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 22. 1. 2017. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2020.
• Von Wiegrefe, Klaus (11. 3. 2008). "Das Dunkle im Menschen" [The Darkness in Man]. Der Spiegel. No. 45. Hamburg: SpiegelNet GmbH. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2012.

Dalje čitanje

• Frischauer, Willi (2013) [1953]. Himmler: The Evil Genius of the Third Reich. Unmaterial Books. ISBN 978-1-78301-254-1.
• Haiger, Ernst (Summer 2006). "Fiction, Facts, and Forgeries: The 'Revelations' of Peter and Martin Allen about the History of the Second World War". The Journal of Intelligence History. 6 (1): 105–117. doi:10.1080/16161262.2006.10555127. S2CID 161410964.
• Hale, Christopher (2003). Himmler's Crusade: The True Story of the 1938 Nazi expedition into Tibet. London: Transworld. ISBN 978-0-593-04952-5.
• Himmler, Katrin (2005). Die Brüder Himmler. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte [The Brothers Himmler: A German Family History] (jezik: njemački). S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. ISBN 978-3-10-033629-3.
• Himmler, Katrin (2016). The Private Heinrich Himmler. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-06465-3.
• Höhne, Heinz (1972). The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Translated from German by Richard Barry. London; New York: Penguin Classic. ISBN 978-0-14-139012-3.
• Höss, Rudolf (2000) [1951]. Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-84212-024-8.
• Morgan, Ted (1990). An Uncertain Hour: The French, the Germans, the Jews, the Klaus Barbie Trial, and the City of Lyon, 1940–1945. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-370-31504-1.
• Reitlinger, Gerald (1981) [1956]. The SS: Alibi of a Nation 1922–1945. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-839936-8.
• Russell, Stuart (2007). La fortezza di Heinrich Himmler – Il centro ideologico di Weltanschauung delle SS – Cronaca per immagini della scuola-SS Haus Wewelsburg 1934–1945 [The Fortress of Heinrich Himmler: The Center of SS Ideology: A Chronicle With Pictures of the SS Haus Wewelsburg School, 1934–1945]. Rome: Editrice Thule Italia. ISBN 978-88-902781-0-5.

Vanjski linkovi

• List of Himmler speeches Ova lista Himmlerovih govora uključuje internetske izvore i materijal u Američkom nacionalnom arhivu.
• Heinrich Himmler u Holocaust Research Project
• Register of the Heinrich Himmler Papers, 1914–1944 at the Hoover Institution Archives
• Footage of Himmler's corpse and the cyanide capsule he used to kill himself
• Newspaper clippings about Heinrich Himmler u 20th Century Press Archives kao dijela ZBW

Nedovršeni članak Heinrich Himmler koji govori o biografijama treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.