Abasidski halifat (arapski: الخلافة العباسية, el-halifah el-Abbasijjah) bio je treći islamski halifat nastao nakon smrti islamskog poslanika Muhammeda. Dinastija Abasida potekla je od Poslanikovog najmlađeg amidže Abasa ibn Abdulmutaliba (566–653). Vladali su kao halife sa sjedištem u Bagdadu, današnji Irak, nakon što su preuzeli vlast nad muslimanskim carstvom od dinastije Emevija 750. (132. po Hidžri).
Kratke činjenice الخلافة العباسية, 750. - 1517. ...
Zatvori
Abasidski halifat je naprije proglasio svoju prijestolnicu u gradu Kufa, ali je 762. halifa El-Mensur osnovao grad Bagdad, sjeverno od perzijske prijestolnice Ktesifona. Izbor glavnog grada koji se nalazio tako blizu perzijske teritorije reflektirao je rastući uticaj perzijskih birokrata, naročito porodice Barmakida, koji su upravljali područjima koje su Arapi osvojili, kao i rastućim brojem nearapskih muslimana koji su ulazili u sastav ummeta. Međutim i pored ove saradnje, Abasidi 9. vijeka su bili primorani da predaju vlast nad perzijskim provincijama lokalnim nasljednim emirima, koji su samo nominalno priznavali svoju vjernost halifatu. Ovo je označilo početak općeg raspada vlasti Abasida, uz gubitak Andaluzije i Magriba koje su potpale pod vlast Umejada, Ifrikiju su preuzeli Aglabidi a Egipat šiitska dinastija Fatimida. Politička moć halifa je značajno opala nakon pojave Seldžučkih Turaka.
Iako je vlast abasidskih vođa nad većim dijelom Muslimanskog carstva postepeno smanjena, i prešla više u vjersku funkciju, dinastija je zadržala kontrolu nad svojim mesopotamskim posjedima. Glavni grad Bagdad je vremenom postao središte nauke, kulture, filozofije i istraživanja tokom zlatnog doba islama.[2] Ovaj period kulturnog sazrijevanja završio je 1258. godine osvajanjem Bagdada od strane Mongola pod Hulagu-kanom. Abasidski halifat, ali i muslimanska kultura općenito, se preselila u memlučki glavni grad Kairo 1261. godine. Dinastija Abasida nastavila je da drži svoju vlast u vjerskim pitanjima i nakon osmanlijskog osvajanja Egipta, kada je titula halife i formalno predana osmanlijskom sultanu Selimu I.
Abasidska revolucija
Glavni članak: Abasidska revolucija
Abasidski halifi su bili arapski potomci Abasa ibn Abdul-Mutaliba, najmlađeg amidže poslanika Muhammeda Abasidi su tvrdili da su pravi nasljednici poslanika Muhammeda zahvaljujući njihovoj bliskoj krvnoj liniji, napadajući Omejadski moralni karakter i administraciju. Prema Iri Lapidusu, "Abasidski revolt su u velikoj mjeri podržali Arapski doseljenici i jemenski Mavali koji su ostali izvan arapskog društva zasnovanog na srodstvu i bili doživljavani kao niža klasa". Muhamed ibn Ali, Abasov praunuk, je započeo kampanju za povratak Hašimita, porodice poslanika Muhammeda, tokom vladavine halife Omara II. Tokom vladavine halife Marvana II, ova opozicija je kulminirala pobunom imama Ibrahima, Abasovog prapraunuka, koji je bio podržan šiitskim arapima iz provincije Horasan (Istočna Perzija).[3] On je ostvario znatan uspjeh, ali je zarobljen i umro u zatvoru 747. godine
Abu Muslim je 9. juna 747. godine (15. ramazana 129. h.g.) uspješno pokrenuo ustanak protiv Omejada boreći se pod crnom zastavom. Sa 10.000 vojnika porazio je Omejade u bitkama kod Nišapura, Gorgana, Nahavanda i Karbale. Njegov brat Muhammed es-Seffah se nakon pobjede nad Omejadama u bici na Zabu 750. godine proglasio halifom, dok je Marvan II pobjegao u Egipat gdje je zajedno sa ostatkom porodice ubijen. Nakon dolaska na prijestolje, Muhammed es-Seffah je poslao vojsku u srednju Aziju gdje su se borili protiv širenja dinastije Tang u bici kod Talasa. Plemenita iranska dinastija Barmakidi, koja je učestvovala u izgradnji Bagdada, je izgradila prvu svjetsku fabriku papira započevši novu eru intelektualnog preporoda Abasidskog halifata.
Canfield, Robert L. (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. str. 5. ISBN 978-0521522915. Bosworth, C. E. (1982). "ʿABBASID CALIPHATE". Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. I, Fasc. 1, str. 89–95.
Sources
- Abbas, Tahir (2011). Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4155-7225-5. LCCN 2009050163.
- Al-Abbasi, A. M. M. (1986). Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian (jezik: perzijski). Doha.
- al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002). "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Arhivirano s originala, 20. 9. 2015. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002a). "Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Arhivirano s originala, 24. 9. 2015. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002b). "Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 5. 2014. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press.
- Al-Khalili, Jim (4. 1. 2009). "The "First True Scientist"". BBC.co.uk. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 4. 2015. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- "The Islamic World to 1600". Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 1998. Arhivirano s originala, 5. 10. 2008. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2008.
- Anon (1928), Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft [German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science] (jezik: njemački), 49, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
- Baker, Hugh D. R. (1990). Hong Kong Images: People and Animals. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-209-255-1.
- Baniabbassian, M. (1960). Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak (jezik: perzijski). Tehran.
- Bloodworth, Ching Ping; Bloodworth, Dennis (2004) [1976]. The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0568-5. LCCN 2003059346.
- Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Pristupljeno 15. 3. 2013.
- Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622.
- Bonner, Michael (2010). "The Waning of Empire: 861–945". u Robinson, Charles F. (ured.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. I: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 305–359. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
- Bonner, Michael; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy, ured. (2003). Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5737-5. LCCN 2002042629.
- Bosworth, C.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (1983). Encyclopedie de l'Islam [The Encyclopedia of Islam] (jezik: francuski). 5 (New izd.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
- Brague, Rémi (2009). The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-2260-7080-3. LCCN 2008028720.
- Brauer, Ralph W. (1995). Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. str. 7–10. ISBN 0-87169-856-0. LCCN 94078513.
- Brinkley, Frank (1902). Trübner (ured.). China: Its History, Arts and Literature. Oriental. X. Boston: J. B. Millet Company.
- Broomhall, Marshall (1910). "II: China and the Arabs From the Rise of the Abbaside Caliphate". Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Philadelphia: London, Morgan & Scott Ltd. LCCN 11003281.
- Carné, Louis de (1872). Travels in Indo-China and the Chinese Empire. London: Chapman and Hall. str. 295.
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29622-7. LCCN 94048169.
- Clinton, Jerome W. (2000). Talattof, Kamran; Clinton, Jerome W. (ured.). The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-3122-2810-4. LCCN 99056710.
- Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past. International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-4445-3243-5.
- Cotter, Holland (29. 12. 2001). "The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West". The New York Times. Arhivirano s originala, 27. 5. 2015. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- Crone, Patricia (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam.
- de Camp, L. Sprague (1976). Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. ISBN 0-87054-076-9. LCCN 76017991.
- Dimand, Maurice S. (1969). "Islamic Glass and Crystal". u Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (ured.). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. LCCN 68026314.
- Dimand, Maurice S. (1969a). "Islamic Painting". u Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (ured.). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. str. 205–211. LCCN 68026314.
- Dimand, Maurice S. (1969b). "Islamic Pottery and Tiles". u Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (ured.). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. str. 211–216. LCCN 68026314.
- Dimand, Maurice S. (1969c). "Islamic Textiles". u Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (ured.). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. str. 216–220. LCCN 68026314.
- Dunn, Kevin M. (2003). Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5811-2566-5.
- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (2nd izd.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN 0-06-181235-8.
- Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2614-0. LCCN 98026043.
- El-Hibri, Tayeb (2011). "The empire in Iraq: 763–861". u Robinson, Chase F. (ured.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 269–304. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
- Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1961) [1950]. China: A Short Cultural History. Praeger.
- Floor, W. (2011). The Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas: The Natural Trade Gateway of Southeast Iran. Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1-9338-2343-0.
- Floor, W. (2010). The Persian Gulf: The Rise and Fall of Bandar-e Lengeh: The Distribution Center for the Arabian Coast: 1750–1930. Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1-9338-2339-3.
- Frazier, Ian (25. 4. 2005). "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad". The New Yorker. Vol. 81 no. 10. str. 48–55. ISSN 0028-792X.
- Ghosh, Stanley (1961). Embers in Cathay. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. LCCN 61010347.
- Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1982) [1962]. Shaw, Stanford J.; Polk, William R. (ured.). Studies on the Civilization of Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05354-5.
- Giles, Herbert Allen (1915). Confucianism and its Rivals. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. LCCN 15017669.
- Giles, Herbert Allen (1886). A Glossary of Reference on Subjects Connected with the Far East (2nd izd.). Hong Kong: Messrs. Lane, Craswford and Co. str. 141. LCCN 16016428.
- Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2002). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
- Šablon:Gordon-The Breaking of a Thousand Swords
- Grant, John; Clute, John (1999). "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy". Arabian fantasy. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-19869-8. LCCN 96037472.
- Gregorian, Vartan (2003). Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. str. 26–38. ISBN 0-8157-3282-1. LCCN 2003006189.
- Hermann, Heinrich (1912). Chinesische Geschichte [Chinese History] (jezik: njemački). D. Gundert.
- Hill, Donald Routledge (1993). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3. LCCN 94139614.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ured. (2010). "Abbasid Dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th izd.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ured. (2010a). "Nestorian". Encyclopedia Britannica. VIII : Menage – Ottawa (15th izd.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Holt, Peter M. (1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. 47 (3): 501–507. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00113710. S2CID 161092185.
- Huff, Toby E. (2003). The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (2nd izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5218-2302-1. LCCN 2002035017.
- Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 192. ISBN 978-0-5214-5599-2. LCCN 97159218.
- Jenkins, Everett Allo (1999). The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. 1. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0431-0. LCCN 98049332.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1990). [[[:Šablon:Google Books]] "The ʿAbbasid caliphate: a historical introduction"]. u Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. Rex (ured.). ʿAbbasid Belles Lettres. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 1–15. ISBN 0-521-24016-6.
- Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (2nd izd.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-40525-4. LCCN 85016597.
- Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1989). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-0289-7211-2. LCCN 89008129.
- Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 978-3-487-09115-0. OCLC 468740510.
- Labib, Subhi Y. (1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837. S2CID 153962294.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77056-4.
- Leaman, Oliver (1998). "Islamic Philosophy". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 6. 2022. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- Lewis, Bernard (1995). "The Middle East". u Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (ured.). The Cambridge History of Iran. 1A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-9135-4.
- Lucas, Adam Robert (2005). "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe". Technology and Culture. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026. S2CID 109564224.
- Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2014), Two Arabic Travel Books, Library of Arabic Literature, ISBN 978-1479800285
- Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, ured. (1990). "'Abbasids". Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39518-6. LCCN 90001542.
- Meisami, Julie Scott (1999). Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1276-5. LCCN 2012494440.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2004). "The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt". The Napoleon Series. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 12. 2014. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- Mottahedeh, Roy (1975). "The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Iran". u Frye, R. N. (ured.). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 57–90. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05583-2.
- Moule, Arthur Evans (1914). The Chinese People: A Handbook on China. New York: London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. str. 317. LCCN 14001359.
- Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: A History (6th izd.). Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. LCCN 2003041213.
- Pavlidis, T. (2010). "11: Turks and Byzantine Decline". u Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Davidson, Lawrence (ured.). A Concise History of the Middle East (9th izd.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4388-4. LCCN 2009005664.
- Perry, J. (1979). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran: 1747–1779. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-2266-6098-2.
- Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-20387-3.
- Rabin, Sheila (15. 8. 2015). "Nicolaus Copernicus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 11. 2016. Pristupljeno 27. 11. 2016.
- Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992). 17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990 [17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From 26 August to 2 September 1990] (jezik: francuski). 1. Comité international des sciences historiques [International Committee of Historical Sciences]. ISBN 978-84-600-8154-8.
- Schwarz, George R. (2013). "History of the Caravel". Nautical Arcaheology. Texas A & M University. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 5. 2015. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2015.
- Smith, Bradley; Weng, Wango H. C. (1973). China: A History in Art. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-0601-3932-3. LCCN 72076978.
- Sourdel, D. (1970). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate". u Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (ured.). The Cambridge History of Islam. 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 104–139. ISBN 978-0-521-21946-4.
- Söylemez, Mehmet Mahfuz (2005). "The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 22 (2): 1–27. doi:10.35632/ajiss.v22i2.455.
- Spuler, Bertold (1960). The Muslim World: A Historical Survey. I: The Age of the Caliphs. Translated by Bagley, F. R. C. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. ISBN 0-685-23328-6. LCCN 61001030.
- Stapleton, Henry E.; Azo, R.F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. VIII (6): 317–418. OCLC 706947607.
- Toomer, G. J. (decembar 1964). "Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm". Isis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 55 (4): 463–465. doi:10.1086/349914.
- Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5218-3756-1. LCCN 2005296238.
- Verma, R. L. (1969). "Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics". Al-'Arabi. 8: 12–13. PMID 11634474.[Potreban pun citat]
- Visser, Reidar (2005). Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher. ISBN 3-8258-8799-5.
- Wade, Geoffrey (2012). "Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century". u Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li (ured.). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Wilber, Donald N. (1969). "Abbasid Architecture". u Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (ured.). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. 1: Aa–Ceylon. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. LCCN 68026314.