Euclid

Si Euclid (/ˈjuːklɪd/; Ancient Greek: Εὐκλείδης – Eukleídēs, pronounced [eu̯.kleː.dɛːs]; fl. 300 BC), inaapod man na Euclid kan Alexandriya^[1] para magkaigwang kalaenan ki Euclid of Megara, sarong Griyegong matematiko, na sarong "kagmukna nin heometriya"^[1] o "ama nin heometriya".

Euclid
Kamundagan	Mid-4th century BC
Kagadanan	Mid-3rd century BC
Midbid bilang	Euclidean geometry Euclid's Elements Euclidean algorithm
Karera sa siyensya
Lado	Mathematics

Siya aktibo sa Alexandria kan namamayo si Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). An saiyang Elements an saro sa mga impluwensiyal niyang gibo sa kasaysayan nin matematika,an nagsisirbeng libro sa pagtukdo nin matematika (urog na an heometriya) sa puon kan publikasyon hasta sa huring ika-19 o enot na siglo.^[2][3][4] Sa Elements, binawasan ni Euclid an theorem kaya inaapod ngunyan na Euclidean geometry hale sa sadit na axioms. Sinurat man ni Euclid an perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, asin mathematical rigour.

Etimolohiya

An Ingles na ngarang Euclid iyo an anglikong bersyon kan Griyegong ngarang Εὐκλείδης, boot-sabihon "bistado, matrayumpo".^[5]

Euclidis quae supersunt omnia (1704)

Euclid's construction of a regular dodecahedron.

Construction of a dodecahedron by placing faces on the edges of a cube.

Legasiya

An Euclid spacecraft kan European Space Agency (ESA) iyo pinangaranan para sa saiyang onra.^[6]

Mga toltolan

1. Bruno, Leonard C. (2003) [1999]. Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. pp. 125. ISBN 978-0-7876-3813-9. OCLC 41497065.
2. Ball, pp. 50–62.
3. Boyer, pp. 100–19.
4. Macardle, et al. (2008). Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History. New York: Metro Books. g. 12.
5. Harper, Douglas. "Euclidean (adj.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
6. "NASA Delivers Detectors for ESA's Euclid Spacecraft". NASA. 2017.

Mga nasambit na ginibuhan

• Artmann, Benno (1999). Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98423-2.
• Ball, W.W. Rouse (1960) [1908]. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th ed.). Dover Publications. pp. 50–62. ISBN 978-0-486-20630-1.
• Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
• Douglass, Charlene (2007). Page, John D., ed. "Euclid". Math Open Reference. With extensive bibliography.
• Heath, Thomas (ed.) (1956) [1908]. The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements. 1. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60088-8.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Heath, Thomas L. (1908). "Euclid and the Traditions About Him". In Heath, Thomas L. Euclid, Elements. 1. pp. 1–6. Archived from the original on 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2021-05-23.As reproduced in the .
• Heath, Thomas L. (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics, 2 Vols. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24073-8, 0-486-24074-6.
• Kline, Morris (1980). Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502754-X.
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Euclid of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Theon of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
• Proclus, A commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, translated by Glenn Raymond Morrow, Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-691-02090-7.
• Struik, Dirk J. (1967). A Concise History of Mathematics. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60255-4.
• Van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert; Taisbak, Christian Marinus (October 30, 2014). "Euclid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 21, 2014.

Magbasa pa lalo

• DeLacy, Estelle Allen (1963). Euclid and Geometry. New York: Franklin Watts.
• Knorr, Wilbur Richard (1975). The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements: A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and Its Significance for Early Greek Geometry. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. ISBN 978-90-277-0509-9.
• Mueller, Ian (1981). Philosophy of Mathematics and Deductive Structure in Euclid's Elements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-13163-6.
• Reid, Constance (1963). A Long Way from Euclid. New York: Crowell.
• Szabó, Árpád (1978). The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics. A.M. Ungar, trans. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. ISBN 978-90-277-0819-9.

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• Euclid's Elements Archived 2020-12-31 at the Wayback Machine., All thirteen books, with interactive diagrams using Java. Clark University
• Euclid's Elements, with the original Greek and an English translation on facing pages (includes PDF version for printing). University of Texas.
• Euclid's Elements, books I–VI, in English pdf, in a Project Gutenberg Victorian textbook edition with diagrams.
• Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, in several languages as Spanish, Catalan, English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Italian, Russian and Chinese.
• Elementa Geometriae Archived 2022-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. 1482, Venice. From Rare Book Room.
• Elementa Archived 2022-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. 888 AD, Byzantine. From Rare Book Room.
• Texts on Ancient Mathematics and Mathematical Astronomy PDF scans (Note: many are very large files). Includes editions and translations of Euclid's Elements, Data, and Optica, Proclus's Commentary on Euclid, and other historical sources.
• "The elements of geometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara" (1570) from the English Printing Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress.