Tataramon na Dargwa
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) iyo an sarong Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano na pigtataram kan Darginon sa republika kan Rusya na Dagestan. Ito an panliteratura asin panginot na diyalekto kan dialect continuum na minabilog sa Mga tataramon na Dargin.[2] An apat na iba pang mga tataramon sa dialect continuum na ini iyo an (Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, asin Chirag) na minsan pigkokonsiderar na mga baryant kan Dargwa. Napagdesisyunan ni Korjakov (2012) na an Habagatan-Sulnopan na Dargwa, urog na harani sa Kajtak kisa sa Amihanan-Katahawan na Dargwa.[3]
| Dargwa | |
|---|---|
| дарган мез dargan mez | |
 | |
| Subong sa | Rusya |
| Rehiyon | Dagestan |
| Subong | 590,000 Dargins (2010 census)[1] |
Subong na mga parataram | 490,000 (2010 sensus)[1] |
Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano
| |
| Siriliko | |
| Opisyal na kamugtakan | |
Opisyal na tataramon sa |  Dagestan |
| Mga kodigo nin tataramon | |
| ISO 639-2 | dar |
| ISO 639-3 | dar (iyo man an Mga tataramon na Dargin) |
| Glotologo | darg1241sout3261 |
Naggagamit an Dargwa nin Iskriturang Siriliko.
Susog sa 2002 Census, igwa nin 429,347 na parataram kan Sentrong Dargwa sa Dagestan, 7,188 sa kataid kaining Kalmykia, 1,620 sa Khanty–Mansi AO, 680 sa Chechnya, asin dakol pa sa gatos sa iba pang mga parte kan Rusya. Mga numero para sa diyalektong Lakh na ipigtataram sa katahawan na Dagestan[4], maabot sa 142,523 sa Dagestan, 1,504 sa Kabardino-Balkaria, 708 sa Khanty–Mansi.Plantilya:Verify source
An Dargin o Dargwa iyo an pangaduwang pinakakaraniwang tataramon sa Dagestan asin marhay na itinutugdas sa pang-araaldaw na buhay. Ini an tataramon kan eskwelahan asin igwa man na mga pahayagan, libro asin mga programa sa radyo sa tataramon na ini. Arog pa man kaito, pinagsuway-suway ini sa sarong serye nin mga diyalekto na masakit masabutan sa lambang saro, na binabanga pa ngani kan pirang parasaligsig sa apat na grupo na igwang kagsarong independiyenteng tataramon (kabali an, halimbawa, Cubachin ); nakasusog qn nakasurat na tataramon sa diyalektong Akushin, na pigtataram sa palibot kan baryo nin Akuscha.
Nakabase an pagsusurat bago an 1928 sa Arabic (bagaman kadtong 1860s asin 70s, igwang mga pagpupurbar na gamiton an Cyrillic), kadtong 1928–1938 sa Latin, poon 1938 base sa mga graphiko na Ruso gamit an sarong kadagdagan na sign I asin kadakol na digrapo tanganing tukduon an mga partikular na ponema kan mga tataramon kan Dagestan.
| Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɢ | ʡ | ||||||||
| voiceless | p | pː | t | tː | k | kː | q | qː | ʔ | |||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ | |||||||||
| Affricate | voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | |||||||||||
| voiceless | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | ||||||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ç | x | xː | χ | χː | ʜ | ||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | |||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||||||||
Nagpapahiling an tataramon na Dargwa nin limang patanog na tanog /i, e, ə, a, u/. An mga patanog na /i, u, a/ pwedeng i-pharyngealize bilang /iˤ, uˤ, aˤ/. Pwedeng igwa man na pharyngealized mid-back na patanog [oˤ] bilang pagsasagibo kan /uˤ/, na nangyayari sa diyalektong Megeb.[5]
An sa ngunyan na alpabeto nin Dargwa nakabase sa Siriliko arog kan minasunod:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з |
| И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ |
| Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ |
| Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
| KATEGORYANG TAM | BOOT SABIHON | ASPEKTO | MODIFIER | PREDICATIVE MARKER | NEGATION | EHEMPLO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DERIVED FROM THE PROGRESSIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -a) | ||||||
| Present | 1. all types of present situations including actual and habitual situations, 2. historic present, 3. close future: the speaker‘s intention | IPF | [-ti] | PERSON / PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | reduplication or negative auxiliary | anwar-ri kaRar luk’-a–ca=b (Anwar is writing a letter) |
| Past Progressive | a progressive situation in the past | IPF | -ti | PAST (–di) | it uč’-a-Ti–di (He was reading) | |
| DERIVED FROM THE PRETERITE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -ib/-ub/-ur/-un): | ||||||
| Aorist | any completed action in the past | PF | - | PERSON (–da/–di) | negative auxiliary | |
| Imperfect | unspecified imperfective meaning in the past (both durative and multiplicative situations) | IPF | - | PERSON (–da/–di) | hin ha.ruq-ib | |
| Perfect | perfect (a completed action whose results are still presently actual) | PF | - | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu-l hin d=er{-ib–ca=d (The horse has drunk up the whole of the water) | |
| Pluperfect | a completed action in the past preceding another past action | PF | -li | PAST (–di) | ||
| *Evidential Present | 1. inference from non-trivial results of a situation that still exist at the moment of speech 2. subject resultative: | IPF | - | PERSON/PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu hinni b=u{-ib–ca=b (The horse has had a drink of water) | |
| *Evidential Past | 1. inference from non-trivial results that existed in the past subject resultative in the past | IPF | -li | PAST (–di) | ||
| Resultative | resultative (state of the patient) | - | -li | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu mura-l b=uK-un-ni–ca=b 'The horse has eaten its fill of hay.‘ | |
| Experiential | experiential | - | -ci | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | ni}a-la }a=b b=uZ-ib-ti–ca=b d=eqel juz-i d=elk'-un-ti ̳There have been in our village those who had written many books'. | |
| Habitual Past | a habitual action in the past | IPF | -a-d-i, -a-T-i, -iri/-ini or -aj | no separable predicative morphemes | reduplication | harzamina b=urs-iri di-la waba-l 'My mother used to tell (this story).‘ |
| DERIVED FROM THE OBLIGATIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -an): | ||||||
| Future | all types of future situations | IPF | - | PERSON/FUTURE(–da/–di/-ni) | negative auxiliary | |
| Obligative Present | a situation that the speaker believes necessary to be realized | IPF * | - | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | negative auxiliary | |
| Obligative Past | an irreal situation that the speaker believes necessary to have been realized in the past | IPF * | - | PAST (–di) | ||
| DERIVED FROM THE HYPOTHETICAL STEM ( BASIC STEM + -iZ-): | ||||||
| Hypothetical Present | a possible action in the future | - | - | PERSON(–da/–di) | reduplication or negative auxiliary | |
| Hypothetical Past | a past situation that did not take place, but is treated by the speaker as having been possible under certain conditions | - | - | PAST (–di) | ||
| Irrealis | used in the apodosis of the irreal conditional clauses | IPF | - | PAST (–di) | reduplication | |
An sarong bilang nin mga parasurat asin makata na nagsurat nin panliteratura na tataramon na Dargin:
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