Mga tataramon na Haponiko

An Haponiko o Hapon–Ryukyuano sarong pamilya nin tataramon na binibilog nin Hapon, pigtataram sa mga panginot na isla kan nasyon na Hapon, asin an mga tataramon na Ryukyuano, ipigtataram sa mga isla nin Ryukyu. Pangkagabsan na inaako an pamilya kan mga linguwista, asin makabuluhang pag-uswag an nahimo sa pagtugdas giraray kan proto-tataramon.^[2] Ipinahihimati kan pagtugdas giraray an pagsuway sa tanga kan gabos na diyalekto kan Hapon asin gabos na klase kan Ryukyuano, siguro bago an ika-7 siglo. Kaiba man an Tataramon na Hachijō, na ipigtataram sa mga Isla nin Izu, alagad an posisyon kaini sa laog kan pamilya, bakong malinaw.

Haponiko
Hapon–Ryukyuano
Heograpikong Distribusyon	Hapon, posibleng dating nasa Rawis nin Koreano
Pag-uuring panlinguwistiko	Saro sa mga panginot na pamilya nin tataramon sa kinaban
Protong Tataramon	Proto-Haponiko
Mga subdibisyon	Hapon Ryukyuano Hachijō (?) Peninsular? †
ISO 639-5	jpx
Glottolog	japo1237[1]
Mga tataramon asin mga diyalekto kan Haponiko

Nagtutubod an kadaklan sa mga iskolar na pigdara an Hapon sa Kaiislahan na Hapon gikan sa Rawis nin Korea kaiba an kulturang Yayoi kadtong 1st millennium BC. Igwang pirang pira-pirasong ebidensya na nagsusuhestyon na pigtataram pa nanggad an mga tataramon na Hapones sa tahaw asin habagatan na parte kan Rawis nin Korea (hilingon an Peninsular na Haponiko) sa mga inot na siglo AD.

Ipigsuhestyon an mga posibleng henetikong relasyon sa kadakol na iba pang mga pamilya nin tataramon, kadaklan sa sistematikong igwa nin Koryaniko, alagad mayo pa man nanggad na siguradong maipahiling.

Proto-Haponiko

Panginot na artikulo: Proto-Haponiko

Naipakarahay giraray an proto-tataramon kan pamilya sa paagi kan paggamit nin kumbinasyon na panlaog na pagpapakarahay giraray gikan sa Gurang na Hapon asin sa paagi kan paglalapat kan paagi nin kompiratibo sa Gurang na Hapon (kaiba an mga kasubangan na mga diyalekto) asin an Ryukyuano.^[3] Ginibo an mga panginot na rekonstruksyon kadtong ika-20 siglo ni Samuel Elmo Martin asin Shirō Hattori.^[3][4]

Ordinaryong Polisilabiko an mga kataga na Proto-Haponiko, na igwang mga pantig na may pormang (C)V. Karaniwan na napag-uuyunan an minasunod na imbentaryo nin katanog kan Proto-Haponiko, apwera na an pirang iskolar na nangangatwiran para sa mga pagpundo nin pagboses na *b asin *d imbes na mga dadausdos na *w asin *j:^[5]

Mga katanog na Proto-Haponiko

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	*m	*n
Stop	*p	*t		*k
Fricative		*s
Approximant	*w		*j
Liquid		*r

An Gurang na Hapon igwang tankg na mga katanog na b, d, z asin g, na dawa nuarin man dai nangyari na kataga-sa poon, na nagpoon sa mga kumpol nin mga pangdungo asin daing boses na mga katanog pagkatapos kan pagkawara kan sarong nangingiaram na patanog.^[6]

Kadaklan sa mga kag-mukna, nag-aako nin anim na Proto-Haponiko na patanog:^[7]

Mga patanog na Proto-Haponiko

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i		*u
Mid	*e	*ə	*o
Open		*a

An pirang mga kagmuknâ, nagsusuhestyon man nin halangkaw na tahaw na patanog *ɨ.^[8][9] An mga mid vowel na *e asin *o inilangkaw sa i asin u susog sa pagkakasambit sa Gurang na Hapon, apwera sa pinalyang kataga.^[10][11] Nagbutwa an iba pang mga Gurang na Hapon na patanog gikan sa mga pagkakasunud-sunod kan mga Proto-Haponiko na patanog.^[12]

Dapat na bilugon giraray an karaniwang inaako na an sarong leksikal na [[pitch accent] para sa Proto-Haponiko, alagad kontrobersyal an eksaktong porma kaini.^[6]

Mga tala

Mga toltolan

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Japonic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Shimabukuro (2007), p. 1.
3. Frellesvig & Whitman (2008), p. 1.
4. Martin (1987).
5. Frellesvig & Whitman (2008), p. 3.
6. Whitman (2012), p. 27.
7. Whitman (2012), p. 26.
8. Frellesvig (2010), pp. 45–47.
9. Vovin (2010), pp. 35–36.
10. Frellesvig & Whitman (2008), p. 5.
11. Frellesvig (2010), p. 47.
12. Frellesvig (2010), p. 50.

Mga gibong sinambit

• Beckwith, Christopher (2007), Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-16025-5.
• de Boer, Elisabeth (2020), "The classification of the Japonic languages", in Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander, The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 40–58, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
• Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010), A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.
• Frellesvig, Bjarne; Whitman, John (2008), "Introduction", in Frellesvig, Bjarne; Whitman, John, Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, John Benjamins, pp. 1–9, ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1.
• Grimes, Barbara (2003), "Japanese – Language list", in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 335, ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
• Heinrich, Patrick; Ishihara, Masahide (2017), "Ryukyuan languages in Japan", in Seals, Corinne A.; Shah, Sheena, Heritage Language Policies around the World, Routledge, pp. 165–184, ISBN 978-1-317-27404-9.
• Hudson, Mark J. (1999), Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2156-2.
• Izuyama, Atsuko (2012), "Yonaguni", in Tranter, Nicolas, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 412–457, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
• Kindaichi, Haruhiko (1978) [1957], The Japanese Language, Tuttle, ISBN 978-1-4629-0266-8.
• Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
• Martin, Samuel Elmo (1987), The Japanese Language through Time, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-03729-6.
• Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003), Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction, London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-415-30575-4.
• Patrie, James (1982), The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, 17, University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-0724-5, JSTOR 20006692.
• Pellard, Thomas (2015), "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu Islands", in Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori, Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure, and use, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 13–37, doi:10.1515/9781614511151.13, ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8.
• ——— (2018), "The comparative study of the Japonic languages", Approaches to endangered languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization, Tachikawa, Japan: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.
• Serafim, Leon A. (2008), "The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history", in Frellesvig, Bjarne; Whitman, John, Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, John Benjamins, pp. 79–99, ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1.
• Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990), The Languages of Japan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36918-3
• Shimabukuro, Moriyo (2007), The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, London: Global Oriental, ISBN 978-1-901903-63-8.
• Shimoji, Michinori (2010), "Ryukyuan languages: an introduction", in Shimoji, Michinori; Pellard, Thomas, An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages (PDF), Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, pp. 1–13, ISBN 978-4-86337-072-2.
• ——— (2012), "Northern Ryukyuan", in Tranter, Nicolas, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 351–380, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
• Sohn, Ho-Min (1999), The Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36123-1.
• Tamura, Suzuko (2000), The Ainu Language, ICHEL Linguistic Studies, 2, Tokyo: Sanseido, ISBN 978-4-385-35976-2.
• Tranter, Nicholas (2012), "Introduction: typology and area in Japan and Korea", in Tranter, Nicolas, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 3–23, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
• Vovin, Alexander (2010), Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3278-0, JSTOR j.ctt6wqz03.
• ——— (2013), "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 222–240, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov.
• ——— (2017), "Origins of the Japanese Language", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 , ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
• Whitman, John (2011), "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan", Rice, 4 (3-4): 149–158, doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0 .
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Kadagdagan na pagbabasa

• Vovin, Alexander (1994), "Long-distance Relationships, Reconstruction Methodology, and the Origins of Japanese", Diachronica, 11 (1): 95–114, doi:10.1075/dia.11.1.08vov.

Mga panluwas na takod

• Databases kan linggwistikang diyalektikal asin historikal sa Nasyunal na Instituto para sa tataramon na Hapon asin Linggwistika

Plantilya:Mga tataramon na Altaiko