Zakaat

Die zakaat (Arabies: زكاة, zakāh, [zaˈkaːh]; letterlik: "dit wat reinig";^[1] ook zakaat al-mal, زكاة المال, [zaˈkaːt alˈmaːl], "zakaat op rykdom",^[2] is 'n vorm van aalmoese wat in Islam as 'n soort godsdienstige verpligting of belasting voorgeskryf word,^[3]^[4] wat volgens die Koraanse rangskikking die gebed (salaah) in belangrikheid opvolg.^[5]

Meer inligting Vyf Pilare van die Islam ...

Vyf Pilare van die Islam
Sjahada (belydenis) Salaah (gebed) Zakaat (aalmoese) Pwasa (vas) Hadj (pelgrimstog)

Sluit

Die zakaat is die derde van die Vyf Pilare van die Islam en vorm 'n godsdienstige verpligting vir alle Moslems wat aan die nodige kriteria van rykdom voldoen.^[6] Dit is 'n verpligte liefdadigheidsbydrae, wat dikwels as 'n belasting beskou word.^[7]^[8] Die betaling van en die geskille oor die zakaat het 'n belangrike rol in die geskiedenis van Islam gespeel, veral tydens die Ridda-oorloë.^[9]^[10]

Die zakaat is gebaseer op iemand se inkomste en die waarde van al sy besittings.^[11]^[12] Dit is gewoonlik 2,5% (of 1/40)^[13] van 'n Moslem se totale besparing en welvaart bo 'n minimumbedrag wat nisab genoem word, maar Islamitiese geleerdes verskil oor hoeveel nisab is en ander aspekte van zakaat.^[14] Volgens die Islamitiese leerstelling moet die versamelde bedrag aan die armes, behoeftiges, zakaat-insamelaars en ondersteuners van Islam betaal word om hulle van slawerny te bevry, vir skuldverligting, in "die saak van Allah" en om die gestrande reisiger te baat.

Vandag is die zakaat-bydrae in die meeste lande met 'n Moslem-meerderheid vrywillig, terwyl dit in 'n handvol lande (Jemen, Libië, Maleisië, Pakistan, Saoedi-Arabië, Soedan), deur die staat bestuur en ingesamel word.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Daar is regeringsbeheerde vrywillige zakaat-bydraeprogramme in Bahrein, Bangladesj, Egipte, Indonesië, Iran, Jordanië, Koeweit, Libanon en die Verenigde Arabiese Emirate.^[19]

Anders as Soenniete beskou Sjiiete die zakaat tradisioneel as 'n private en vrywillige besluit en hulle gee die zakaat eerder aan imam-geborgde as staatsgeborgde versamelaars.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Naas die term "zakaat" word soms ook die term "sadaqa" gebruik,^[23] maar dít verwys veral na 'n vrywillige offer, in teenstelling met die verpligte zakaat. Volgens Moslemse kommentators mag die wettige belasting net vir Moslems aangewend word, terwyl 'n vrywillige aalmoese ook vir nie-Moslems gegee kan word.^[24]

[1]
(en) Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (2007). Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support. LIT Verlag, Münster. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-8258-0718-4.
[2]
"Zakat Al-Maal (Tithing)". Life USA (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Oktober 2016. Besoek op 11 Augustus 2016.
[3]
(en) Salehi, M (2014). "A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development". Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance. 10 (2): 154–182. doi:10.12816/0025175.
[4]
(en) Lessy, Z (2009). "Zakat (alms-giving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be?". La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam. 3 (1).
[5]
(en) Hallaq, Wael (2013). The impossible state: Islam, politics, and modernity's moral predicament. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-231-16256-2.
[6]
(en) Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (vertaler), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, Londen, Volume 1, ISBN 978-967-5062-766, bl. XIX
[7]
(en) Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions, ISBN 978-1904063292, bl. 131–135
[8]
(en) Hefner R.W. (2006). "Islamic economics and global capitalism". Society. 44 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1007/bf02690463.
[9]
(en) Bonner, Michael (2003), Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791457382, bl. 15
[10]
(en) Shoufani, Elias (1973), Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802019158
[11]
(fr) Décobert, C. (1991), Le mendiant et le combattant, L’institution de l’islam, Paris: Editions du Seuil, bl. 238–240
[12]
(en) Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, Zakat, Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, bl. 479
[13]
(en) Sarwar, Muhammad (2015). al-Kafi Volume 1 of 8 (Second uitg.). New York: The Islamic Seminary Inc. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-9914308-6-4.
[14]
(en) Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.) King Abdulaziz-universiteit, Saoedi-Arabië, Fiqh az-Zakat, Volume 1, Dar al Taqwa, London, ISBN 978-967-5062-766, bl. xxi–xxii
[15]
(en) Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1996). Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance. University of Chicago Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-226-50884-9. {{cite book}}: Onbekende parameter |lastauthoramp= geïgnoreer (hulp)
[16]
(en) Samiul Hasan (2015). Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices. Springer. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4939-2525-4.
[17]
(en) Sohrab Behdad; Farhad Nomani (2006). Islam and the moral economy: the challenge of capitalism. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-134-20674-2.
[18]
(en) Tripp, Charles (2006). Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Cambridge University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-521-86377-3.
[19]
(en) Powell, Russell (2009). "Zakat: Drawing Insights for Legal Theory and Economic Policy from Islamic Jurisprudence". University of Pittsburgh Tax Review. 7 (43). SSRN 1351024.
[20]
(en) Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (illustrated uitg.). Yale University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8.
[21]
(en) John, Wilson (2009). John, Wilson (red.). Pakistan: The Struggle Within. Pearson Education India. p. 105. ISBN 978-8131725047.
[22]
(en) Kumaraswamy, P. R.; Copland, Ian (18 Oktober 2013). Kumaraswamy, P.R.; Copland, Ian (reds.). South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-317-96773-6.
[23]
(en) Thomas H. Weir / Aaron Zysow: Art. "ṣadaqa", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2dr uitgawe, Bd. 8 (1995), bl. 708–716, hier 708.
[24]
(en) Fakhr ad-Din al-Razi: Mafatih al-ghayb, Band VIII, 16, bl. 117, Beiroet 1990, en Raschid Rida: Tafsir al-Manar, Band X, bl. 293. Aangehaal in: Adel Theodor Khoury, Der Koran, Band 7, bl. 347.

(en) Aron Zysow: "Zakāt" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Band XI, bl. 406–422. Brill, Leiden [o.a.] 2002, ISBN 90-04-08118-6.

Wikimedia Commons het meer media in die kategorie Zakaat.
(en) "Zakat". Encyclopædia Britannica. Besoek op 15 Maart 2019.

[1] [1]
(en) Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (2007). Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support. LIT Verlag, Münster. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-8258-0718-4.

[2] [2]
"Zakat Al-Maal (Tithing)". Life USA (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 Oktober 2016. Besoek op 11 Augustus 2016.

[3] [3]
(en) Salehi, M (2014). "A Study on the Influences of Islamic Values on Iranian Accounting Practice and Development". Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance. 10 (2): 154–182. doi:10.12816/0025175.

[4] [4]
(en) Lessy, Z (2009). "Zakat (alms-giving) management in Indonesia: Whose job should it be?". La Riba Journal Ekonomi Islam. 3 (1).

[5] [5]
(en) Hallaq, Wael (2013). The impossible state: Islam, politics, and modernity's moral predicament. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-231-16256-2.

[6] [6]
(en) Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (vertaler), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, Londen, Volume 1, ISBN 978-967-5062-766, bl. XIX

[7] [7]
(en) Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions, ISBN 978-1904063292, bl. 131–135

[8] [8]
(en) Hefner R.W. (2006). "Islamic economics and global capitalism". Society. 44 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1007/bf02690463.

[9] [9]
(en) Bonner, Michael (2003), Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791457382, bl. 15

[10] [10]
(en) Shoufani, Elias (1973), Al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0802019158

[11] [11]
(fr) Décobert, C. (1991), Le mendiant et le combattant, L’institution de l’islam, Paris: Editions du Seuil, bl. 238–240

[12] [12]
(en) Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, Zakat, Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, bl. 479

[13] [13]
(en) Sarwar, Muhammad (2015). al-Kafi Volume 1 of 8 (Second uitg.). New York: The Islamic Seminary Inc. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-9914308-6-4.

[14] [14]
(en) Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.) King Abdulaziz-universiteit, Saoedi-Arabië, Fiqh az-Zakat, Volume 1, Dar al Taqwa, London, ISBN 978-967-5062-766, bl. xxi–xxii

[15] [15]
(en) Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1996). Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance. University of Chicago Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-226-50884-9. {{cite book}}: Onbekende parameter |lastauthoramp= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[16] [16]
(en) Samiul Hasan (2015). Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices. Springer. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4939-2525-4.

[17] [17]
(en) Sohrab Behdad; Farhad Nomani (2006). Islam and the moral economy: the challenge of capitalism. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-134-20674-2.

[18] [18]
(en) Tripp, Charles (2006). Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas. Cambridge University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-521-86377-3.

[19] [19]
(en) Powell, Russell (2009). "Zakat: Drawing Insights for Legal Theory and Economic Policy from Islamic Jurisprudence". University of Pittsburgh Tax Review. 7 (43). SSRN 1351024.

[20] [20]
(en) Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (illustrated uitg.). Yale University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8.

[21] [21]
(en) John, Wilson (2009). John, Wilson (red.). Pakistan: The Struggle Within. Pearson Education India. p. 105. ISBN 978-8131725047.

[22] [22]
(en) Kumaraswamy, P. R.; Copland, Ian (18 Oktober 2013). Kumaraswamy, P.R.; Copland, Ian (reds.). South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-317-96773-6.

[23] [23]
(en) Thomas H. Weir / Aaron Zysow: Art. "ṣadaqa", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2dr uitgawe, Bd. 8 (1995), bl. 708–716, hier 708.

[24] [24]
(en) Fakhr ad-Din al-Razi: Mafatih al-ghayb, Band VIII, 16, bl. 117, Beiroet 1990, en Raschid Rida: Tafsir al-Manar, Band X, bl. 293. Aangehaal in: Adel Theodor Khoury, Der Koran, Band 7, bl. 347.

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