İsmet İnönü
President of Turkey from 1938 to 1950 / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (Turkish pronunciation: [isˈmet ˈinœny]; 24 September 1886 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman who served as the second president of Turkey from 11 November 1938, to 22 May 1950, and as its prime minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965.
Millî Şef İsmet İnönü | |
---|---|
2nd President of Turkey | |
In office 11 November 1938 – 22 May 1950 | |
Prime Minister | Celâl Bayar Refik Saydam Ahmet Fikri Tüzer Şükrü Saracoğlu Recep Peker Hasan Saka Şemsettin Günaltay |
Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Succeeded by | Celâl Bayar |
1st Prime Minister of Turkey | |
In office 20 November 1961 – 20 February 1965 | |
President | Cemal Gürsel |
Preceded by | Emin Fahrettin Özdilek |
Succeeded by | Suat Hayri Ürgüplü |
In office 4 March 1925 – 25 October 1937 | |
President | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Preceded by | Ali Fethi Okyar |
Succeeded by | Celâl Bayar |
In office 30 October 1923 – 22 November 1924 | |
President | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Preceded by | Ali Fethi Okyar (as Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly) |
Succeeded by | Ali Fethi Okyar |
2nd Leader of the Republican People's Party | |
In office 10 November 1938 – 8 May 1972 | |
Preceded by | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
Succeeded by | Bülent Ecevit |
Chief of the General Staff of Turkey | |
In office 20 May 1920 – 3 August 1921 | |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Fevzi Çakmak |
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey | |
In office 26 October 1922 – 21 November 1924 | |
Prime Minister | Rauf Orbay Ali Fethi Okyar |
Preceded by | Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk |
Succeeded by | Şükrü Kaya |
Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
In office 25 October 1961 – 20 November 1972 | |
Constituency | Malatya (1961, 1965, 1969) |
In office 14 May 1950 – 27 May 1960 | |
Constituency | Malatya (1950, 1954, 1957) |
In office 28 June 1923 – 10 November 1938 | |
Constituency | Edirne (1923, 1927, 1931, 1935) |
Personal details | |
Born | Mustafa İsmet (1886-09-24)24 September 1886 Smyrna, Aidin Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
Died | 25 December 1973(1973-12-25) (aged 87) Ankara, Turkey |
Resting place | Anıtkabir, Ankara, Turkey |
Nationality | Turkish |
Political party | Republican People's Party |
Spouse | Mevhibe İnönü |
Children | Izzet Inönü Ömer Inönü Erdal İnönü Özden Inönü |
Alma mater | Imperial School of Military Engineering Ottoman Military College |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Ottoman Empire (1903–1920) Ankara Government (1920–1923) Turkey (1923–1926) |
Branch/service | Ottoman Army Army of the GNA Turkish Army |
Rank | Orgeneral |
Battles/wars | |
İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Caucasus campaign. In the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924 for the regular Turkish army, during which he commanded forces during the First and Second Battles of İnönü. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Mudanya and Lausanne conferences for the Ankara government, successfully negotiating away the Sevre treaty for the Treaty of Lausanne. As his prime minister for most of his presidency, İnönü executed many of Atatürk's modernizing and nationalist reforms. İnönü gave the orders to carry out the Zilan Massacre.[citation needed]
İnönü succeeded Atatürk as president of Turkey after his death in 1938 and was granted the official title of Millî Şef ("National Chief" by the parliament.[1] As president and chairman of the Republican People's Party (CHP), İnönü initially continued Turkey's one party state. Kemalist style programs continued to make great strides in education by supporting projects such as Village Institutes. His governments implemented notably heavy statist economic policies. The Hatay State was annexed in 1939, and Turkey was able to maintain an armed neutrality during World War II, joining the Allied powers only three months before the end of the European Theater. The Turkish Straits crisis prompted İnönü to build closer ties with the Western powers, with the country eventually joining NATO in 1952, though by then he was no longer president.[citation needed]
Factionalism between statists and liberals in the CHP led to the creation of the Democrat Party in 1946. İnönü held the first multiparty elections in the Republic's history that year, beginning Turkey's multiparty period. 1950 saw a peaceful transfer of power to the Democrats when the CHP suffered defeat in the elections. For ten years, İnönü served as the leader of the opposition before returning to power as prime minister following the 1961 election, held after the 1960 coup-d'état. The 1960s saw İnönü reinvent the CHP as a political party, which was "Left of Center" as a new party cadre led by Bülent Ecevit became more influential. İnönü remained leader of the CHP until 1972, when he was defeated by Ecevit in a leadership contest. He died on December 25, 1973, of a heart attack, at the age of 89. He is interred opposite to Atatürk's mausoleum at Anıtkabir in Ankara.[citation needed]