User:Mr. Ibrahem/Oseltamivir
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B (flu).[3] Some organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection.[4] They recommend it to prevent infection in those at high risk, but not the general population.[4] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that clinicians use their discretion to treat those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection.[4][5][6] It is taken by mouth, either as a pill or liquid.[3]
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Pronunciation | /ɒsəlˈtæmɪvɪər/ |
Trade names | Tamiflu |
Other names | GS-4104 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a699040 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth (hard capsules or liquid) |
Drug class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | >80%[2] |
Protein binding | 42% (parent drug), 3% (active metabolite)[2] |
Metabolism | Liver, to oseltamivir carboxylate[2] |
Elimination half-life | 1–3 hours, 6–10 hours (active metabolite)[2] |
Excretion | Urine (>90% as oseltamivir carboxylate), faeces[2] |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C16H28N2O4 |
Molar mass | 312.410 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Recommendations regarding oseltamivir are controversial as are criticisms of the recommendations.[4][7][8][9] A 2014 Cochrane review concluded that it does not reduce hospitalizations, and that there is no evidence of reduction in complications of influenza.[9] Three meta-analyses have concluded that benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not outweigh its risks.[10][11][12] They also found little evidence regarding whether treatment changes the risk of hospitalization or death in high risk populations.[10][11] However, another meta-analysis found that oseltamivir was effective for prevention of influenza at the individual and household levels.[13]
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and trouble sleeping.[3] Other side effects may include psychiatric symptoms and seizures.[3][14][15] In the United States it is recommended for influenza infection during pregnancy.[1] It has been taken by a small number of pregnant women without signs of problems.[1] Dose adjustment may be needed in those with kidney problems.[3]
Oseltamivir was approved for medical use in the US in 1999.[3] It was the first neuraminidase inhibitor available by mouth.[16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines but was downgraded to "complementary" status in 2017.[17][18] A generic version was approved in the US in 2016.[19][20] As of 2014[update], the wholesale cost in the developing world was about US$4.27 per day.[21] The wholesale cost for a course of treatment in the United States is about US$54.00 as of 2019[update].[22] In 2017, it was the 159th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[23][24]