User:Kreyren/NAFLD
Excessive fat build-up in the liver not caused by alcohol use / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | |
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Other names | NAFLD, metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD[1] |
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Stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, progressing from healthy, to steatosis (fat accumulation), inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis. | |
Specialty | Hepatology |
Symptoms | Asymptomatic, liver dysfunction |
Complications | Cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, cardiovascular disease[2][3] |
Duration | Long term |
Types | Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)[3][4] |
Causes | Genetic, environmental |
Risk factors | Obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, liver disease |
Diagnostic method | Liver biopsy |
Treatment | Weight loss (diet and exercise)[3][5] |
Prognosis | Depends on type[6] |
Frequency | 24% in worldwide population, 80% in obese, 20% in normal-weight |
Deaths | NASH: 2.6% risk of death per year[4] |
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is excessive fat build-up in the liver without another clear cause such as alcohol use.[2][3] There are two types; non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter also including liver inflammation.[3][4][6] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress to NASH or liver cirrhosis.[3] When NAFLD does progress to NASH, it may eventually lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, or cardiovascular disease.[3][7]
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are strong risk factors for NAFLD.[5] Other risks include being overweight, metabolic syndrome (defined as at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum HDL cholesterol), a diet high in fructose, and older age.[3][6] NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease are types of fatty liver disease.[6] Obtaining a sample of the liver after excluding other potential causes of fatty liver can confirm the diagnosis.[2][5][6]
Treatment for NAFLD is weight loss by dietary changes and exercise.[4][8][9] There is tentative evidence for pioglitazone and vitamin E;[3][10][11] bariatric surgery can improve or resolve severe cases.[8][12] Those with NASH have a 2.6% increased risk of dying per year.[4]
NAFLD is the most common liver disorder worldwide and is present in approximately 25% of the world's population.[13] It is also very common in developed nations, such as the United States, and affected about 75 to 100 million Americans in 2017.[14][15][16][17] Over 90% of obese, 60% of diabetic, and up to 20% normal-weight people develop it.[18][19] NAFLD is the leading cause of chronic liver disease[17][18] and the second most common reason for liver transplantation in the US and Europe as of 2017.[8] NAFLD affects about 20 to 25% of people in Europe.[12] In the United States, estimates suggest between 30 and 40% of adults have NAFLD, and about 3 to 12% of adults have NASH.[3] The annual economic burden was approximately US$103 billion in the US in 2016.[18]