Country/Territory Population c. 1600 estimate Percentage of World Population
World 579,000,000 –
Ming Dynasty [1] [2]
60,000,000–150,000,000
27.6%
Mughal Empire [3] [4] [lower-alpha 1]
~115,000,000
19.9%
Holy Roman Empire [4] [lower-alpha 2]
Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000[8] Archduchy of Austria (and related territories) – 2,500,000 Spanish Netherlands – 1,600,000+[9] Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000[10] Savoy – 1,200,000[lower-alpha 3] Electorate of Saxony – 1,200,000[12] Republic of the Swiss – 1,000,000 Electorate of Bavaria – ~800,000[13] Republic of Genoa – 650,000[14] Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 648,000[15] Electoral Palatinate – ~600,000[16] Margraviate of Brandenburg - ~350,000[17] Duchy of Württemberg – ? Duchy of Modena and Reggio – ~250,000[18] Duchy of Parma – ~250,000 Margraviate of Baden – ? Thuringian states – ? Duchy of Carniola – 248,000[19] Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 230,000[20] Duchy of Holstein – 185,000[21] Republic of Lucca – 110,000[15] Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 50,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – ? Nassau-Weilburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg – ? County of Oldenburg – ? Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Imperial County of Reuss – ? Principality of Lippe – ? Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – ? Anhalt-Dessau – ? Arenberg – ? Anhalt-Bernburg – ? Anhalt-Köthen – ? County of Schaumburg – ? Liechtenstein – ? Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg - ? Principality of Calenberg – ? Electorate of Mainz – 100,000+[22] Franche-Comté – ? Electorate of Trier – 100,000+[22] Electorate of Cologne – 100,000+[22] Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Münster – ? Archbishopric of Magdeburg – ? Hamburg – ~20,000[23] Free City of Lübeck – ? Duchy of Schleswig – ? Prince-bishopric of Lübeck – ? Prince-Bishopric of Trent – ? Principality of Ansbach – ?
27,000,000+ – 34,000,000+
5.2%
Iberian Union and possessions
Spanish America – c. 9,745,000[24] Kingdom of Spain – 8,240,000[25] Kingdom of Naples – 3,000,000[15] Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Kingdom of Portugal – 1,100,000 Kingdom of Sicily – 1,100,000[15] Captaincy General of the Philippines – 791,000 Franche-Comté – ? Goa state – 250,000[26] Diu – ? Viceroyalty of Sardinia – 300,000[15] Malacca – ~195,000[15] Viceroyalty of Brazil – 45,000 Bahrain – 54,000 Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Andorra – ?
28,745,000
5.0%
Ottoman Empire [4] [27]
Anatolia and East Thrace – 7,275,000 Egypt Eyalet – 5,000,000 Ottoman Algeria – 2,250,000 Greece [28] – 1,500,000 Bulgaria – 1,250,000Syria – 1,175,000 Iraq - 1,070,000 Serbia – 1,057,000 Beylik of Tunis – 1,000,000 Ottoman Hungary – 900,000 Ottoman Tripolitania – 500,000 Bosnia Eyalet – 449,000 Sidon Eyalet – 292,000 Palestine – 352,000 Cyprus – 98,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Ottoman Albania [29] – 200,000
28,740,000
5.0%
Kingdom of France [4]
18,000,000+ - 20,000,000+
3.5%
Kingdom of Morocco and possessions [4] [32] [lower-alpha 4]
13,060,860
2.3%
Tokugawa Japan [33]
12,000,000
2.1%
Joseon [34]
11,000,000 1.6%
Tsardom of Russia [35]
~9,000,000
1.6%
Safavid Iran [36]
Under 5,000,000 to near 10,000,000
1.3%
Habsburg Monarchy [37]
7,800,000
1.3%
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [38]
7,950,000
1.4%
England and possessions [39]
5,600,000
1.0%
Lê dynasty (Đại Việt )
5,500,000
0.9%
Taungoo dynasty (Burma)[41] [42] [lower-alpha 5]
3,500,000
0.6%
Ahom kingdom
2,000,000-3,000,000[46]
0.3% -0.5%
Northern Yuan [47]
~2,760,000
0.5%
Malla [4]
2,750,000
0.5%
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)[48]
c. 2,500,000
0.4%
Ethiopian Empire [4]
2,104,000
0.4%
Republic of Venice [49]
2,000,000
0.3%
Kingdom of Kongo[50]
2,000,000
0.3%
Jianzhou Jurchen Confederation [51]
<2,000,000
0.3%
Dutch Republic [4]
1,500,000
0.3%
Cambodia [4]
1,419,000
0.2%
Sweden [52]
1,361,000
0.2%
Denmark–Norway [53] [54] [55]
1,100,000
0.2%
Kingdom of Scotland [56]
800,000
0.14%
Republic of Genoa [14]
650,000
0.11%
Kingdom of Lan Xang [4]
319,000
0.055%
Malay Sultanates of Johor , Kedah , Pattani , and Perak [57]
<200,000 (together)
0.133%
Kingdom of Mrauk U
160,000+[58] [59] [lower-alpha 6]
0.107%
Arab Emirates [4]
35,000
0.006%
Nan Madol (Saudeleur dynasty)
25,000[60]
0.004%
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [61]
15,000
0.003%