The Holocaust
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Holocaust, wanda kuma aka sani da Shoah, [lower-alpha 1] shine kisan kiyashin da aka yi ma Yahudawan Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Tsakanin 1941 zuwa 1945, Jamus na Nazi da masu haɗin gwiwa sun kashe kusan Yahudawa miliyan shida a duk faɗin Turai da Jamus ta mamaye. kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan Yahudawan Turai. [lower-alpha 2] An yi kisan ne a cikin pogroms da harbin mai uwa da wabi kan jama'a; ta hanyar manufar halakarwa ta hanyar aiki a sansanonin taro; da kuma a ɗakunan gas da motocin iskar gas a sansanonin kawar da Jamusawa, musamman Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, da Treblinka a Poland da ta mamaye.
Jamus ta aiwatar da zalunci bisa matakai. Bayan naɗin Adolf Hitler a matsayin shugaban gwamnati a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 1933, gwamnatin ta gina cibiyar sadarwa ta sansanonin tarurruka a Jamus don abokan adawar siyasa da kuma waɗanda ake ganin "undesirable", tun daga Dachau a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 1933.[2] Bayan zartar da dokar ba da izini a ranar 24 ga watan Maris, [3] wadda ta ba wa Hitler ikon mulkin kama-karya, gwamnati ta fara ware Yahudawa daga ƙungiyoyin farar hula; wannan ya haɗa da ƙauracewa kasuwancin Yahudawa a cikin watan Afrilu 1933 da aiwatar da Dokokin Nuremberg a cikin watan Satumba 1935. A ranar 9-10 ga watan Nuwamba 1938, watanni takwas bayan da Jamus ta mamaye Ostiriya, an lalata kasuwancin Yahudawa da wasu gine-gine ko kuma aka kunna wuta a ko'ina cikin Jamus da Austriya a kan abin da aka sani da Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"). Bayan da Jamus ta mamaye Poland a watan Satumba na 1939, wanda ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin ta kafa ghettos don ware Yahudawa. A ƙarshe, an kafa dubban sansanoni da sauran wuraren tsare mutane a cikin ƙasashen Turai da Jamus ta mamaye.
Rarraba Yahudawa a cikin ghettos ya ƙare a cikin manufar kawar da Nazis da ake kira Solution na Ƙarshe ga Tambayar Yahudawa, wanda manyan jami'an gwamnati suka tattauna a taron Wannsee a Berlin a cikin watan Janairu 1942. Yayin da sojojin Jamus suka kame yankuna a Gabas, duk matakan adawa da Yahudawa sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ƙarƙashin haɗin kai na SS, tare da kwatance daga mafi girman jagorancin jam'iyyar Nazi, an yi kisan gilla a cikin Jamus, a cikin dukan Turai da ta mamaye, da kuma cikin yankunan da ke karkashin ikon abokan Jamus. Rundunar 'yan sanda da ake kira Einsatzgruppen, tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin Jamus da masu haɗin gwiwar gida, sun kashe kusan 1.3. Yahudawa miliyan a cikin yawan harbe-harbe da pogroms daga lokacin rani na 1941. A tsakiyar 1942, ana korar wadanda abin ya shafa daga ghettos a fadin Turai a cikin jiragen kasa na jigilar kaya zuwa sansanonin kawar da su, inda, idan sun tsira daga tafiya, an yi musu iskar gas, aiki ko duka har su mutu, ko kashe su ta hanyar cututtuka, yunwa, sanyi, gwaje-gwajen likita. ko a lokacin tattakin mutuwa. An ci gaba da kashe-kashen har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai a watan Mayun 1945.
An fahimci Holocaust a matsayin kisan kare dangi na Yahudawa, amma a lokacin Holocaust [4] (1933-1945), kisan gilla na sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a ya faru. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Romawa, Poles, Ukrainians, fararen hula na Soviet da fursunonin yaƙi, da sauran al'ummomin da aka yi niyya. Ƙungiyoyin ƙanana kuma sun fuskanci tsanantawa mai tsanani na Nazi, kamar su Shaidun Jehovah, Baƙar fata Jamus, naƙasassu, ’yan gurguzu, da ’yan luwadi. [5] [4]