World map

This article is about maps of Earth. For other uses, see World map (disambiguation).

A world map is a map of most or all of the surface of Earth. World maps, because of their scale, must deal with the problem of projection. Maps rendered in two dimensions by necessity distort the display of the three-dimensional surface of the Earth. While this is true of any map, these distortions reach extremes in a world map. Many techniques have been developed to present world maps that address diverse technical and aesthetic goals.^[2]

A world map on the Winkel tripel projection,
a low-error map projection^[1] adopted by the National Geographic Society for reference maps

NASA's Blue Marble Next Generation, a composite of cloud-free satellite images

Charting a world map requires global knowledge of the Earth, its oceans, and its continents. From prehistory through the Middle Ages, creating an accurate world map would have been impossible because less than half of Earth's coastlines and only a small fraction of its continental interiors were known to any culture. With exploration that began during the European Renaissance, knowledge of the Earth's surface accumulated rapidly, such that most of the world's coastlines had been mapped, at least roughly, by the mid-1700s and the continental interiors by the twentieth century.

Maps of the world generally focus either on political features or on physical features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement. Physical maps show geographical features such as mountains, soil type, or land use. Geological maps show not only the surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. Choropleth maps use color hue and intensity to contrast differences between regions, such as demographic or economic statistics.

Map projections

Further information: Map projection

See also: List of map projections

All world maps are based on one of several map projections, or methods of representing a globe on a plane. All projections distort geographic features, distances, and directions in some way. The various map projections that have been developed provide different ways of balancing accuracy and the unavoidable distortion inherent in making world maps.

Perhaps the best-known projection is the Mercator Projection, originally designed as a nautical chart.

• 
  Mercator projection
  (showing between 82°S and 82°N)
• 
  Mollweide projection
• 
  B.J.S. Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, from 1919 pamphlet
• 
  Polar azimuthal equidistant projection
• 
  A south-up map
• 
  Pacific-centric map
  (more commonly used in East Asian and Oceania countries)
• 
  Gall–Peters projection, an equal-area map projection
• 
  Robinson projection, formerly used by National Geographic Society

Thematic maps

Further information: Thematic map

A thematic map shows geographical information about one or a few focused subjects. These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent".^[3]

• 
  Clickable world map
  (with climate classification)
• 
  A simple political map of the world
• 
  A simple physical map of the world
• 
  Topographical map of the world
• 
  Map of anthropogenic CO₂ emission by country
• 
  United Nations Human Development Index by country as of 2016
• 
  World map showing life expectancy
• 
  Population density
  (people per km²) by country
• 
  Volcano map
• 
  World map showing the continents circa 200 million years ago (Triassic period)
• 
  Satellite image of Earth at night

Historical maps

Further information: Early world maps

Early world maps cover depictions of the world from the Iron Age to the Age of Discovery and the emergence of modern geography during the early modern period. Old maps provide information about places that were known in past times, as well as the philosophical and cultural basis of the map, which were often much different from modern cartography. Maps are one means by which scientists distribute their ideas and pass them on to future generations.^[4]

• 
  Hypothetical reconstruction of the world map of Anaximander (610–546 BC)
• 
  World map according to Posidonius (150–130 BC),
  drawn in 1628
• 
  Ideal reconstruction of medieval T-and-O maps (from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1895)
  (Asia shown on the right)
• 
  Tabula Rogeriana world map by Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154
  north is to the bottom
• 
  World map in Octant projection (1514), from Leonardo da Vinci's Windsor papers
• 
  The world, Abraham Ortelius's Typus Orbis Terrarum, first published in 1564
• 
  World map by Gerardus Mercator (1569), first map in the well-known Mercator projection
• 
  Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (Ming dynasty, 1602)
• 
  1652 world map
  by Claes Janszoon Visscher
• 
  A historical map of the world by Gerard van Schagen, 1689

See also

• Maps portal
• Geography portal
• World portal

• Wikipedia's clickable world map
• Global Map – a set of digital maps developed by National Geospatial Information Authorities (NGIAs) in the world
• Globe – spherical models of Earth
• International Map of the World – an international project in the 20th century
• List of map projections
• List of world map changes
• Mappa mundi – medieval European maps of the world
• Rhumbline network – navigational aid drawn on maps
• Theorema Egregium – a geometric theorem
• Time zone

References

1. Large-Scale Distortions in Map Projections Archived 16 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 2007, David M. Goldberg & J. Richard Gott III, 2007, V42 N4.
2. American Cartographic Association's Committee on Map Projections (1988). Choosing a World Map. Falls Church: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. pp. 1–2.
3. Thematic Maps Archived 7 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine Map Collection & Cartographic Information Services Unit. University Library, University of Washington. Accessed 27 December 2009.
4. "History of maps and cartography". emporia.edu. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2007.

Further reading

• Edson, Evelyn (2011). The World Map, 1300–1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation. JHU Press. ISBN 1421404303
• Harvey, P. D. A. (2006). The Hereford world map: medieval world maps and their context. British Library. ISBN 0712347607