Testosterone (medication)
Medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Testosterone (T) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.[8] It is used to treat male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer.[8][9] It may also be used to increase athletic ability in the form of doping.[8] It is unclear if the use of testosterone for low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful.[10] Testosterone can be used as a gel or patch that is applied to the skin, injection into a muscle, tablet that is placed in the cheek, or tablet that is taken by mouth.[8]
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Pronunciation | /tɛˈstɒstəroʊn/ teh-STOS-tə-rohn[1] |
Trade names | AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel, others |
Other names | Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a619028 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gel, cream, patch, solution), vaginal (cream, gel, suppository), rectal (suppository), intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (oil solution, aqueous suspension), subcutaneous implant (pellet) |
Drug class | Androgen, anabolic steroid |
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Bioavailability | Oral: very low (due to extensive first pass metabolism) |
Protein binding | 97.0–99.5% (to SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin and albumin)[7] |
Metabolism | Liver (mainly reduction and conjugation) |
Elimination half-life | 2–4 hours[citation needed] |
Excretion | Urine (90%), feces (6%) |
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Formula | C19H28O2 |
Molar mass | 288.431 g·mol−1 |
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Specific rotation | +110.2° |
Melting point | 155 °C (311 °F) |
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Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men.[8] Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes.[8] Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization.[8] It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer should not use the medication.[8] It can cause harm to the baby if used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[8] Testosterone is in the androgen family of medications.[8]
Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, and approved for medical use in 1939.[11][12] Rates of use have increased three times in the United States between 2001 and 2011.[13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14] It is available as a generic medication.[8] In 2021, it was the 143rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.[15][16]