Tardive dyskinesia
Neurological disorder featuring involuntary, repetitive body movements / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips.[1] Additionally, there may be chorea or slow writhing movements.[1] In about 20% of people with TD, the disorder interferes with daily functioning.[3] If TD is present in the setting of a long-term drug therapy, reversibility can be determined primarily by severity of symptoms and how long symptoms have been present before the long-term drug has been stopped.
Tardive dyskinesia | |
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Other names | Linguofacial dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, tardive oral dyskinesia[1] |
Tardive dyskinesia is believed to involve the neurotransmitter dopamine. | |
Pronunciation | |
Specialty | Neurology, psychiatry |
Symptoms | Involuntary, repetitive body movements[1] |
Causes | Neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics), metoclopramide[1][2] |
Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes[1] |
Differential diagnosis | Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, Tourette syndrome, dystonia[2] |
Prevention | Using lowest possible dose of neuroleptic medication[3] |
Treatment | Stopping neuroleptic medication if possible, switching to clozapine[1] |
Medication | Valbenazine, tetrabenazine, botulinum toxin[1][4] |
Prognosis | Variable[1] |
Frequency | 20% (atypical antipsychotics) 30% (typical antipsychotics)[5] |
Tardive dyskinesia occurs in some people as a result of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide.[1][2] These medications are usually used for mental illness but may also be given for gastrointestinal or neurological problems.[1] The condition typically develops only after months to years of use.[1][3] The diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other potential causes.[1]
Efforts to prevent the condition include either using the lowest possible dose or discontinuing use of neuroleptics.[3] Treatment includes stopping the neuroleptic medication if possible or switching to clozapine.[1] Other medications such as valbenazine, tetrabenazine, or botulinum toxin may be used to lessen the symptoms.[1][4] With treatment, some see a resolution of symptoms, while others do not.[1]
Rates in those on atypical antipsychotics are about 20%, while those on typical antipsychotics have rates of about 30%.[5] The risk of acquiring the condition is greater in older people,[3] for women, as well as patients with mood disorders and/or medical diagnoses receiving antipsychotic medications.[6] The term "tardive dyskinesia" first came into use in 1964.[3]