精神病人 (過時術語)

精神病人^[1]（英語：lunatic）是香港和英语世界一個過時的醫學及法律術語，用於指稱被視為有精神病、危險、愚蠢^[2]^[3]或瘋狂的人——這些狀態曾被統稱為精神錯亂^[4]（lunacy）。該英文字源自拉丁语lunaticus，意為「月亮的」或「滿月的」^[5]^[6]^[7]，後用於指癲癇及瘋狂，因它們當時被認為是由月亮或滿月引起的疾病。^[8]^[9]^[10]

現多改用「精神不健全的人（英语：non compos mentis）」（person of unsound mind）以替代該術語。^[11]

法例中「精神病人」一詞的使用

在英格蘭及威爾斯，《1890至1922年精神錯亂法令》使用「精神病人」（lunatics），而《1930年精神治療法令》改用「精神不健全的人」（person of unsound mind）以替代該法律術語，並將「收容所」^[12]（asylum）一詞替換為「精神病院」（mental hospital）。《1959年的精神健康法令》的表述則為「精神病」（mental illness）。「精神不健全的人」亦是1950年《歐洲人權公約》英文版中使用的術語，作為一種可以通過司法程序剝奪自由的人。根據《1946年國民保健署法令》，犯罪精神病人於1948年成為布羅德穆醫院（英语：Broadmoor Hospital）的患者。

2012年12月5日，美國眾議院通過參議院早些時候批准的法例，將「精神病人」（lunatic）一詞從美國所有聯邦法律中刪除。^[13]時任總統巴拉克·奧巴馬於2012年12月28日簽署《2012年21世紀語言法令》^[14]，使其成為法律。^[15]

參見

參考文獻

[1]
第29章《受託人條例》 ── 第2條釋義. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2023-01-08].
[2]
Great Britain Census Office. Census of England and Wales, 1901. (63 Vict. C.4.): Middlesex. 1902. Census of England and Wales, 1901 (H.M. Stationery Office). 1902, 33: xi.
[3]
Vermont Commission to Revise the Statutory Laws. The Public Laws of Vermont, 1933: (proposed Revision).. The Public Laws of Vermont (Capital City Press, 1933). 1933: 424.
[4]
第3章《陪審團條例》 ── 第3條審訊所需的陪審員人數. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-19）.
[5]
Sherman, Amy. Allen West said the House voted to remove the word 'lunatic' from federal law. PolitiFact. 17 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-04）.
[6]
Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research.. Psychological Bulletin. 1985, 97 (2): 286–306. PMID 3885282. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286.
[7]
Forbes, Lebo Jr., Gordon B., George R. Antisocial Behavior and Lunar Activity: A Failure to Validate the Lunacy Myth. Psychological Reports. 1977, 40 (3 Pt. 2): 1309–1310. PMID 897044. S2CID 34308541. doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.40.3c.1309.
[8]
Riva, M. A.; Tremolizzo, L.; Spicci, M; Ferrarese, C; De Vito, G; Cesana, G. C.; Sironi, V. A. The Disease of the Moon: The Linguistic and Pathological Evolution of the English Term "Lunatic". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. January 2011, 20 (1): 65–73. PMID 21253941. S2CID 5886130. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2010.481101.
[9]
Frey, J.; Rotton, J.; Barry, T. The effects of the full moon on human behavior: Yet another failure to replicate. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 1979, 103 (2): 159–162 [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08）.
[10]
D.E., Campbell. Lunar–lunacy research: When enough is enough.. Environment and Behavior. 1982, 14 (4): 418–424. S2CID 144508020. doi:10.1177/0013916582144002.
[11]
Lunacy. The American Cyclopædia. 1879 [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-06）.
[12]
第136章《精神健康條例》 ── 第66條法律的解釋. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2022-11-12].
[13]
Sherman, Amy. Allen West said the House voted to remove the word 'lunatic' from federal law. PolitiFact. 17 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-04）.
[14]
An act to strike the word "lunatic" from Federal law, and for other purposes. United States Statutes at Large, 112th Congress, 2nd Session. December 28, 2012, 126: 1619–1620 [March 11, 2020]. Public Law 112–231. （原始内容存档于2023-02-06）.
[15]
Statement by the Press Secretary on H.J. Res. 122, H.R. 3477, H.R. 3783, H.R. 3870, H.R. 3912, H.R. 5738, H.R. 5837, H.R. 5954, H.R. 6116, H.R. 6223, S. 285, S. 1379, S. 2170, S. 2367, S. 3193, S. 3311, S. 3315, S. 3564, and S. 3642. whitehouse.gov. December 28, 2012 [27 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08） –通过National Archives.

外部連結

Does the full moon have any effects on mood? (cites research studies: 2 negative, 1 positive)
Crackdown on lunar-fuelled crime （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – BBC News, 5 June 2007

[1] [1]
第29章《受託人條例》 ── 第2條釋義. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2023-01-08].

[2] [2]
Great Britain Census Office. Census of England and Wales, 1901. (63 Vict. C.4.): Middlesex. 1902. Census of England and Wales, 1901 (H.M. Stationery Office). 1902, 33: xi.

[3] [3]
Vermont Commission to Revise the Statutory Laws. The Public Laws of Vermont, 1933: (proposed Revision).. The Public Laws of Vermont (Capital City Press, 1933). 1933: 424.

[4] [4]
第3章《陪審團條例》 ── 第3條審訊所需的陪審員人數. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-19）.

[Sherman-5] [5]
Sherman, Amy. Allen West said the House voted to remove the word 'lunatic' from federal law. PolitiFact. 17 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-04）.

[6] [6]
Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research.. Psychological Bulletin. 1985, 97 (2): 286–306. PMID 3885282. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286.

[7] [7]
Forbes, Lebo Jr., Gordon B., George R. Antisocial Behavior and Lunar Activity: A Failure to Validate the Lunacy Myth. Psychological Reports. 1977, 40 (3 Pt. 2): 1309–1310. PMID 897044. S2CID 34308541. doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.40.3c.1309.

[Riva-8] [8]
Riva, M. A.; Tremolizzo, L.; Spicci, M; Ferrarese, C; De Vito, G; Cesana, G. C.; Sironi, V. A. The Disease of the Moon: The Linguistic and Pathological Evolution of the English Term "Lunatic". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. January 2011, 20 (1): 65–73. PMID 21253941. S2CID 5886130. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2010.481101.

[9] [9]
Frey, J.; Rotton, J.; Barry, T. The effects of the full moon on human behavior: Yet another failure to replicate. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 1979, 103 (2): 159–162 [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08）.

[10] [10]
D.E., Campbell. Lunar–lunacy research: When enough is enough.. Environment and Behavior. 1982, 14 (4): 418–424. S2CID 144508020. doi:10.1177/0013916582144002.

[11] [11]
Lunacy. The American Cyclopædia. 1879 [2023-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-06）.

[12] [12]
第136章《精神健康條例》 ── 第66條法律的解釋. www.elegislation.gov.hk. 電子版香港法例. [2022-11-12].

[Sherman2-13] [13]
Sherman, Amy. Allen West said the House voted to remove the word 'lunatic' from federal law. PolitiFact. 17 December 2012 [18 December 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-04）.

[14] [14]
An act to strike the word "lunatic" from Federal law, and for other purposes. United States Statutes at Large, 112th Congress, 2nd Session. December 28, 2012, 126: 1619–1620 [March 11, 2020]. Public Law 112–231. （原始内容存档于2023-02-06）.

[15] [15]
Statement by the Press Secretary on H.J. Res. 122, H.R. 3477, H.R. 3783, H.R. 3870, H.R. 3912, H.R. 5738, H.R. 5837, H.R. 5954, H.R. 6116, H.R. 6223, S. 285, S. 1379, S. 2170, S. 2367, S. 3193, S. 3311, S. 3315, S. 3564, and S. 3642. whitehouse.gov. December 28, 2012 [27 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08） –通过National Archives.

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