層(英語:stratum,來自拉丁语,英語又稱strate)在语言学指語言接觸時影响另一种語言或受其影响的语言。底層(substratum / substrate)是指比另一种语言的權力或地位低的语言;上層(superstratum / superstrate)是權力或地位更高的语言。底层语言和上层语言间会相互影响,但影响方式不同。傍層(adstratum / adstrate)是一种与鄰近族群使用的另一种语言接触,且地位沒有明顯分別的語言。“层”的概念最早由意大利语言学家格拉齐亚迪奥·伊萨亚·阿斯科里(1829至1907)提出,并于1932年藉两位作者的作品,在英语世界广为人知。[1]
因此,語言底層和上層两套概念都适用于一种侵入语言在使用另一种语言的区域上建立起来的情况,通常是人口遷徙的结果。上層融入底層(本地语言持续存在,侵入语言消失)還是底層融入上層(本地语言消失,侵入语言持续存在)通常要過几代人之后才明显,在此期间,侵入语言会存在于散居文化中。为了使侵入语言持续存在,遷入人口要么需要占据政治精英的位置,要么需要相对当地人口更多的移民(即,侵入屬於军事入侵或殖民;例如罗马帝国在意大利以外推廣了罗曼语,取代了高盧語和许多其他印欧系语言)。若上層融入底層,即表示入侵族群的精英最終轉用當地下層民眾使用的語言。例子有法国的勃艮第人和法兰克人最终放弃了自己的日耳曼方言,转用其他印欧系罗曼族语言,并在此过程中深远影响了当地语言。
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