Umayyads

Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only

Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham ibn `Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1828-6

略，穆斯林每年都要向拜占庭控制的安納托利亞地区发动袭击。 在717至718年征服拜占庭帝国首都君士坦丁堡的尝试失败之后，一时间倭马亚人（英语：Umayyads）将注意力转移到了其他地方。自720/721年起，他们开始定期向拜占庭发动征战，每年夏季都会有一两次战事，有时候亦会有海上袭击以及冬季侵袭。但

Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.  Chattopadhyaya

Jan. The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. 2013-07-04: 30 [2022-08-25]. ISBN 978-1-136-87282-2. （原始内容存档于2022-08-26）