無政府時期

無政府時期（英語：The Anarchy）^[1]是指1138年至1153年间在英格兰與诺曼底之間（當時都是諾曼底公國的一部分）爆發的内战，是一场王位繼承戰爭。

背景

内战的诱因是诺曼底公爵兼英格蘭國王亨利一世的王儲威廉·艾德林因白船海难意外身亡後，亨利一世试图让外嫁神圣罗马的女儿玛蒂尔达回国继承王位，但並非所有贵族都支持他设立女性继承人的決定。1135年亨利一世去世后，他的侄子斯蒂芬在温彻斯特主教弟弟的簇拥下趁机夺取王位。1139年，已经丧夫改嫁安茹伯爵若弗鲁瓦五世的玛蒂尔达在异母哥哥罗伯特伯爵的支持下一同進攻英格蘭，試圖通過武力奪回王位。

经过

内战初期双方勢均力敵，玛蒂尔达控制了英格兰西南部和泰晤士河谷大部分地区，而斯蒂芬仍然控制英格兰东南部。1141年，斯蒂芬在林肯之战中兵败被俘，玛蒂尔达试图在倫敦加冕但因发生民变而未能成功，被迫從伦敦撤出。不久之后，羅伯特在温彻斯特戰敗被俘，玛蒂尔达不得不和斯蒂芬的妻子玛蒂尔德谈判，双方同意交换战俘，斯蒂芬和羅伯特均被釋放。随后的1142年，重整旗鼓的斯蒂芬在围攻牛津城堡时险些俘虜玛蒂尔达，但被她徒步跨过冰冻的泰晤士河逃脱。战争随后又僵持了十一年。1143年，玛蒂尔达的丈夫若弗鲁瓦控制了诺曼底，但作戰双方在英格兰都未能取得胜利。1147年，玛蒂尔达最重要的支持者罗伯特病逝，加上第二次十字军东征使得许多安茹一方的支持者离开欧洲，使得她在1148年返回诺曼底，只留下与若弗鲁瓦的长子亨利二世繼續在英格兰作戰。

结局

1150年代初，大多数贵族和教会都厌倦了战争，因此許多人希望通过谈判結束戰爭。1152年，斯蒂芬想立自己的长子尤斯塔斯为王位继承人，但被天主教会拒绝。1153年，亨利二世再次進攻英格兰，但雙方的軍隊都不想繼續打下去，此時教会出面調停並希望雙方停戰。斯蒂芬和亨利二世开始進行停戰谈判，最终签定协议，斯蒂芬可以继续为王，但必须接受亨利二世为继承人。1154年，斯蒂芬因病去世，亨利二世最終加冕成為英格蘭國王，內戰結束，安茹帝国的金雀花王朝开启。

影响

无政府时期内战的破坏程度即使按照中世纪战争的标准都是十分突出的，一些12世纪的年代记编纂者形容当时“基督和圣人们都沉睡了”。维多利亚时期的史学家因为年代记中描述当年泛滥的社会混乱、行政缺失和雇佣兵与流寇横行而将其命名为“Anarchy”，意思是“没有领导者”——虽然许多现代史学家质疑当时年代记的视野局限和准确性^[2]。在现代英语中，“anarchy”一词则被用来形容无政府状态的混乱局面。

参考文献

1. Bradbury, p. 215.
2. Bradbury, p. 215.

參考書目

• Amt, Emilie. The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149–1159. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85115-348-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Barlow, Frank. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216 5th. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. 1999 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-38117-9. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Barratt, Nick. Finance and the Economy in the Reign of Henry II. Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (编). Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84383-340-6.
• Bennett, Matthew. The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign. Dunn, Diana E. S. (编). War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85323-885-0. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Blackburn, Mark. Coinage and Currency. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Bradbury, Jim. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139–53. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 2009 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-7509-3793-1. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284. London: Penguin. 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.^{[失效連結]}
• Chibnall, Marjorie. The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-631-19028-8. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）.
• Coss, Peter. From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism. Fryde, Natalie; Monnet, Pierre; Oexle, Oto (编). Die Gegenwart des Feudalismus. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 2002. ISBN 978-3-525-35391-2.
• Coulson, Charles. The Castles of the Anarchy. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. 2005 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8. （原始内容存档于2023-01-20）.
• Creighton, Oliver; Wright, Duncan. Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-78138-242-4. doi:10.5949/liverpool/9781781382424.001.0001.
• Crouch, David. The March and the Welsh Kings. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3.
• Crouch, David. The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. London: Hambledon Continuum. 2002 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-85285-595-6. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Crouch, David. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008a. ISBN 978-0-521-09013-1.
• Crouch, David. King Stephen and Northern France. Dalton, Paul; White, Graeme J. (编). King Stephen's Reign (1135–1154). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2008b [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-84383-361-1. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Davis, Ralph Henry Carless. King Stephen 1st. London: Longman. 1977 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-48727-7. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Dyer, Christopher. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 – 1520. London: Yale University Press. 2009 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-10191-1. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）.
• Gillingham, John. 1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England. Garnett, George; Hudsdon, John (编). Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-521-43076-0. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Green, J. A. Financing Stephen's War. Anglo-Norman Studies. 1992, 14: 91–114.
• Helmerichs, Robert. 'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135. Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (编). The Normans and Their Adversaries at War. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2001 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85115-847-1. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Hollister, C. Warren. The Aristocracy. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• Huscroft, Richard. Ruling England, 1042–1217. Harlow, UK: Pearson. 2005 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-84882-5. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Kadish, Alon. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. London: Routledge. 1989. ISBN 978-0-415-61388-0. 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• King, Edmund. Introduction. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-15）.
• King, Edmund. The Gesta Stephani. Bates, David; Crick, Julia C.; Hamilton, Sarah (编). Writing Medieval Biography, 750–1250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84383-262-1.
• King, Edmund. The Accession of Henry II. Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (编). Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84383-340-6.
• King, Edmund. King Stephen. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. 2010 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-11223-8. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）.
• Koziol, Geoffrey. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. New York: Cornell University. 1992 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-8014-2369-7. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Morillo, Stephen. Warfare Under the Anglo-Norman Kings 1066–1135. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-85115-689-7.
• Pettifer, Adrian. English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5.
• Ramet, Carlos. Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-87972-798-7.
• Rielly, Edward J. Ellis Peters: Brother Cadfael. Browne, Ray Broadus; Kreiser, Lawrence A. (编). The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime. Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-87972-815-1. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Round, John H. Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday. Dove, P. E. (编). Domesday Studies. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. 1888. OCLC 25186487.
• Stringer, Keith J. The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England. London: Routledge. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-415-01415-1. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Thompson, Kathleen. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: the County of the Perche, 1000–1226. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-86193-254-2.
• Turner, Richard Charles. Ken Follett: A Critical Companion. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-313-29415-0.
• Walker, David. Gloucestershire Castles. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 1991, 109.
• Warren, W. L. Henry II Yale. New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-300-08474-0.
• White, Graeme. The End of Stephen's Reign. History. 1990, 75 (243): 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01507.x.
• White, Graeme. Continuity in Government. King, Edmund (编). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3.
• White, Graeme. Earls and Earldoms during King Stephen's Reign. Dunn, Diana E. S. (编). War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85323-885-0. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• White, Graeme. Royal Income and Regional Trends. Dalton, Paul; White, Graeme J. (编). King Stephen's reign (1135–1154). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2008 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-84383-361-1. （原始内容存档于2023-02-05）.
• Yoshitake, Kenji. The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences. Journal of Medieval History. 1988, 14 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-x.