塔布卡水壩 - Wikiwand

塔布卡水壩（阿拉伯语：سد الطبقة‎），又稱革命水壩（阿拉伯语：سد الثورة‎），為幼发拉底河上的一座土壩，位於拉卡上游40公里（25英里）處。水壩南方緊鄰革命市（英语：Al-Thawrah）。壩體高約60米（200英尺），長約4.5公里（2.8英里），為敘利亞境內最大的水壩^[1]。水壩完成後，上游集水區形成阿薩德湖，為敘利亞最大的湖泊。在蘇聯的援助下，塔布卡水壩始建於1968年，1973年竣工。同時跨國團隊也努力將可能遭到湮沒的考古遺址儘可能撤離及紀錄。1974年，水壩完工後，下游的水量減少，造成伊拉克抗議，後來蘇聯和沙特阿拉伯介入調停^[2]。水壩最初建造目的是為了發電、灌溉，迄今兩者仍尚未達到其最大潛在效率^[3]。

事实速览 塔布卡水壩, 官方名称 ...

塔布卡水壩
塔布卡水壩
塔布卡水壩在叙利亚的位置
官方名称	سد الثورة
国家	叙利亚，目前由敘利亞民主力量控制
位置	叙利亚拉卡省革命區（英语：Al-Thawrah District）
坐标	35°52′20″N 38°34′00″E
现状	使用中
始建	1968
啟用	1973
耗资	3.4億美金
水坝和溢洪道
水坝类型	Earth-fill dam（英语：embankment dam）
橫跨	幼发拉底河
高度	60米（197英尺）
长度	4,500米（14,764英尺）
壩頂寬度	19米（62英尺）
壩基寬度	512米（1,680英尺）
水库
形成	阿薩德湖
无效容量	11.7 km³（2.8 cu mi）
表面积	610 km²（236 sq mi）
发电站
運作日期	1973-1977
涡轮机	8 x 103 MW 卡布蘭式水輪機
裝機容量	824 MW

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參見

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：塔布卡水壩

Water resources management in Syria（英语：Water resources management in Syria）
Baath Dam（英语：Baath Dam）

註釋

參考文獻

Anonymous, Group denial. Repression of Kurdish political and cultural rights in Syria (PDF), New York: Human Rights Watch, 2009 [2017-05-27], OCLC 472433635, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-03）
Adeel, Zafar; Mainguet, Monique, Summary Report of the Workshop, New Approaches to Water Management in Central Asia, United Nations University/ICARDA: 208–22, 2000 [2017-05-27], （原始内容存档于2010-05-28）
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M., The archaeology of Syria. From complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-79666-0
Altinbilek, Dogan, Development and Management of the Euphrates–Tigris Basin, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2004, 20 (1): 15–33, ISSN 1360-0648, doi:10.1080/07900620310001635584
Bell, Gertrude Lowthian, Amurath to Amurath, London: Macmillan & Co, 1924, OCLC 481634750
Bounni, Adnan; Lundquist, J. M., Campaign and exhibition from the Euphrates in Syria, The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1977, 44: 1–7, ISSN 0066-0035, JSTOR 3768538
Bourgey, André, Le barrage de Tabqa et l'amenagement du bassin de l'Euphrate en Syrie, Revue de Géographie de Lyon, 1974, 49 (4): 343–354 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1960-601X, doi:10.3406/geoca.1974.1658, （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）（法语）
Collelo, Thomas, Syria: A Country Study, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987 [2017-05-27], OCLC 44250830, （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）
Elhadj, Elie, Dry aquifers in Arab countries and the looming food crisis, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 2008, 12 (3), ISSN 1565-8996^{[永久失效連結]}
Frenken, Karen, Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures. AQUASTAT Survey - 2008 (PDF), Rome: FAO, 2009 [2017-05-27], ISBN 978-92-5-106316-3, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11）
Hughes, Hugh, Middle East Railways, AlMashriq, 2008 [14 December 2009], （原始内容存档于2009-06-27）
Hunt, Carla, Last boat to Tabqa, Saudi Aramco World, 1974, 25 (1): 8–10, ISSN 1530-5821, （原始内容存档于2010年1月13日）
Inan, Yüksel, The law of international water courses and the Middle East (PDF), 2000, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-18）
Jamous, Bassam, Nouveaux aménagements hydrauliques sur le Moyen Euphrate syrienne. Appel à projets archéologiques d'urgence (PDF), Studia Orontica (DGAM), 2009 [14 December 2009], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-28）（法语）
Jones, C.; Sultan, M.; Yan, E.; Milewski, A.; Hussein, M.; Al-Dousari, A.; Al-Kaisy, S.; Becker, R., Hydrologic impacts of engineering projects on the Tigris–Euphrates system and its marshlands, Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 353: 59–75, ISSN 0022-1694, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.029
Kalpakian, Jack, Identity, conflict and cooperation in international river systems, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7546-3338-9
Kangarani, Hannaneh M., Euphrates and Tigris watershed. Economic, social and institutional aspects of forest in an integrated watershed management (PDF), Rome: FAO, 2005 [2017-05-27], OCLC 444911461, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11）
Kaya, Ibrahim, The Euphrates–Tigris basin: An overview and opportunities for cooperation under international law, Arid Lands Newsletter, 1998, 44 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1092-5481, （原始内容存档于2011-06-06）
Krouma, I., National Aquaculture Sector Overview. Syrian Arab Republic. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FAO), 2006 [15 December 2009], （原始内容存档于2021-02-04）
McClellan, Thomas L., Euphrates Dams, Survey of, Meyers, Eric M. (编), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East 2, New York: Oxford University Press: 290–292, 1997, ISBN 0-19-506512-3
McDowall, David, A modern history of the Kurds, London: I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0
Murdoch, D. A.; Vos, R.; Abdallah, A.; Abdallah, M.; Andrews, I.; al-Asaad, A.; van Beusekom, R.; Hofland, R.; Roth, T., A Winter Survey of Syrian Wetlands. Final Report of the Syrian Wetland Expedition, January – February 2004, London: privately published, 2005, OCLC 150245788
Mutin, Georges, Le Tigre et l'Euphrate de la discorde, VertigO, 2003, 4 (3): 1–10 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1492-8442, doi:10.4000/vertigo.3869, （原始内容存档于2010-01-09）（法语）
Rahi, Khayyun A.; Halihan, Todd, Changes in the salinity of the Euphrates River system in Iraq, Regional Environmental Change, 2009, 10: 27–35, ISSN 1436-378X, doi:10.1007/s10113-009-0083-y
Reichel, Clemens, Appendix B: Site gazetteer, Wilkinson, Tony J. (编), On the margin of the Euphrates. Settlement and land use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad area, Syria (PDF), Oriental Institute Publications 124, Chicago: Oriental Institute: 223–261, 2004 [2017-05-27], ISBN 1-885923-29-5, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-16）
Scheumann, Waltina, The Euphrates issue in Turkish–Syrian relations, Brauch, Hans Günter; Liotta, P. H.; Marquina, Antonio; Rogers, Paul F.; Selim, Mohammed El-Sayed (编), Security and environment in the Mediterranean. Conceptualising security and environmental conflicts, Berlin: Springer: 745–760, 2003, ISBN 3-540-40107-5
Shapland, Greg, Rivers of discord: international water disputes in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, ISBN 978-0-312-16522-2
Wilkinson, Tony J., On the margin of the Euphrates. Settlement and land use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad area, Syria (PDF), Oriental Institute Publications 124, Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2004 [2017-05-27], ISBN 1-885923-29-5, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-16）
Wolf, Aaron T., A Hydropolitical History of the Nile, Jordan and Euphrates River Basins, Biswas, Asit K (编), International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile, Oxford University Press: 5–43, 1994, ISBN 978-0-19-854862-1

Template:Euphrates dams

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塔布卡水壩
塔布卡水壩
塔布卡水壩在叙利亚的位置
官方名称	سد الثورة
国家	叙利亚，目前由敘利亞民主力量控制
位置	叙利亚拉卡省革命區（英语：Al-Thawrah District）
坐标	35°52′20″N 38°34′00″E
现状	使用中
始建	1968
啟用	1973
耗资	3.4億美金
水坝和溢洪道
水坝类型	Earth-fill dam（英语：embankment dam）
橫跨	幼发拉底河
高度	60米（197英尺）
长度	4,500米（14,764英尺）
壩頂寬度	19米（62英尺）
壩基寬度	512米（1,680英尺）
水库
形成	阿薩德湖
无效容量	11.7 km³（2.8 cu mi）
表面积	610 km²（236 sq mi）
发电站
運作日期	1973-1977
涡轮机	8 x 103 MW 卡布蘭式水輪機
裝機容量	824 MW

Anonymous, Group denial. Repression of Kurdish political and cultural rights in Syria (PDF), New York: Human Rights Watch, 2009 [2017-05-27], OCLC 472433635, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-03）
Adeel, Zafar; Mainguet, Monique, Summary Report of the Workshop, New Approaches to Water Management in Central Asia, United Nations University/ICARDA: 208–22, 2000 [2017-05-27], （原始内容存档于2010-05-28）
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M., The archaeology of Syria. From complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-79666-0
Altinbilek, Dogan, Development and Management of the Euphrates–Tigris Basin, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2004, 20 (1): 15–33, ISSN 1360-0648, doi:10.1080/07900620310001635584
Bell, Gertrude Lowthian, Amurath to Amurath, London: Macmillan & Co, 1924, OCLC 481634750
Bounni, Adnan; Lundquist, J. M., Campaign and exhibition from the Euphrates in Syria, The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1977, 44: 1–7, ISSN 0066-0035, JSTOR 3768538
Bourgey, André, Le barrage de Tabqa et l'amenagement du bassin de l'Euphrate en Syrie, Revue de Géographie de Lyon, 1974, 49 (4): 343–354 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1960-601X, doi:10.3406/geoca.1974.1658, （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）（法语）
Collelo, Thomas, Syria: A Country Study, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987 [2017-05-27], OCLC 44250830, （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）
Elhadj, Elie, Dry aquifers in Arab countries and the looming food crisis, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 2008, 12 (3), ISSN 1565-8996^{[永久失效連結]}
Frenken, Karen, Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures. AQUASTAT Survey - 2008 (PDF), Rome: FAO, 2009 [2017-05-27], ISBN 978-92-5-106316-3, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11）
Hughes, Hugh, Middle East Railways, AlMashriq, 2008 [14 December 2009], （原始内容存档于2009-06-27）
Hunt, Carla, Last boat to Tabqa, Saudi Aramco World, 1974, 25 (1): 8–10, ISSN 1530-5821, （原始内容存档于2010年1月13日）
Inan, Yüksel, The law of international water courses and the Middle East (PDF), 2000, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-18）
Jamous, Bassam, Nouveaux aménagements hydrauliques sur le Moyen Euphrate syrienne. Appel à projets archéologiques d'urgence (PDF), Studia Orontica (DGAM), 2009 [14 December 2009], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-28）（法语）
Jones, C.; Sultan, M.; Yan, E.; Milewski, A.; Hussein, M.; Al-Dousari, A.; Al-Kaisy, S.; Becker, R., Hydrologic impacts of engineering projects on the Tigris–Euphrates system and its marshlands, Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 353: 59–75, ISSN 0022-1694, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.029
Kalpakian, Jack, Identity, conflict and cooperation in international river systems, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7546-3338-9
Kangarani, Hannaneh M., Euphrates and Tigris watershed. Economic, social and institutional aspects of forest in an integrated watershed management (PDF), Rome: FAO, 2005 [2017-05-27], OCLC 444911461, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11）
Kaya, Ibrahim, The Euphrates–Tigris basin: An overview and opportunities for cooperation under international law, Arid Lands Newsletter, 1998, 44 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1092-5481, （原始内容存档于2011-06-06）
Krouma, I., National Aquaculture Sector Overview. Syrian Arab Republic. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FAO), 2006 [15 December 2009], （原始内容存档于2021-02-04）
McClellan, Thomas L., Euphrates Dams, Survey of, Meyers, Eric M. (编), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East 2, New York: Oxford University Press: 290–292, 1997, ISBN 0-19-506512-3
McDowall, David, A modern history of the Kurds, London: I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0
Murdoch, D. A.; Vos, R.; Abdallah, A.; Abdallah, M.; Andrews, I.; al-Asaad, A.; van Beusekom, R.; Hofland, R.; Roth, T., A Winter Survey of Syrian Wetlands. Final Report of the Syrian Wetland Expedition, January – February 2004, London: privately published, 2005, OCLC 150245788
Mutin, Georges, Le Tigre et l'Euphrate de la discorde, VertigO, 2003, 4 (3): 1–10 [2017-05-27], ISSN 1492-8442, doi:10.4000/vertigo.3869, （原始内容存档于2010-01-09）（法语）
Rahi, Khayyun A.; Halihan, Todd, Changes in the salinity of the Euphrates River system in Iraq, Regional Environmental Change, 2009, 10: 27–35, ISSN 1436-378X, doi:10.1007/s10113-009-0083-y
Reichel, Clemens, Appendix B: Site gazetteer, Wilkinson, Tony J. (编), On the margin of the Euphrates. Settlement and land use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad area, Syria (PDF), Oriental Institute Publications 124, Chicago: Oriental Institute: 223–261, 2004 [2017-05-27], ISBN 1-885923-29-5, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-16）
Scheumann, Waltina, The Euphrates issue in Turkish–Syrian relations, Brauch, Hans Günter; Liotta, P. H.; Marquina, Antonio; Rogers, Paul F.; Selim, Mohammed El-Sayed (编), Security and environment in the Mediterranean. Conceptualising security and environmental conflicts, Berlin: Springer: 745–760, 2003, ISBN 3-540-40107-5
Shapland, Greg, Rivers of discord: international water disputes in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, ISBN 978-0-312-16522-2
Wilkinson, Tony J., On the margin of the Euphrates. Settlement and land use at Tell es-Sweyhat and in the Upper Lake Assad area, Syria (PDF), Oriental Institute Publications 124, Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2004 [2017-05-27], ISBN 1-885923-29-5, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-16）
Wolf, Aaron T., A Hydropolitical History of the Nile, Jordan and Euphrates River Basins, Biswas, Asit K (编), International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile, Oxford University Press: 5–43, 1994, ISBN 978-0-19-854862-1

Template:Euphrates dams