Medical Science 是高等博士學位,一樣由審核學術生涯的論文獲得;原 Doctor ofMedicine 則變成單純的研究型博士學位,學術地位等同 Doctor ofPhilosophy,可縮寫成 DM、MD(Res)。學生需要進行研究,並提交論文以畢業。通常只有內外全科醫學士畢業生方能就讀此類醫學博士。
(Medicine and Life Sciences in India), Ed. B. V. Subbarayappa, Centre for Studies in Civilizations, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and
Golden Age of Arabic Science (ISBN 978-1-84614-161-4) Iskandar, Albert. Al-Rāzī. Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western