List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands

高，不过还是有奥克兰蜘蛛蟹（Jacquinotia edwardsii）等特有种。 New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands. World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2019-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-07）

Antarctic Realm - Tundra Biome: 1 North-east Antarctic Peninsula; 2 South Orkney Islands; 3 North-west Antarctic Peninsula; 4 Central south Antarctic

and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-antarctic islands. Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (编). Albatross biology and

Seasonal variation in the diet of the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Journal of Zoology. 1987, 212 (2): 303. doi:10

大西洋由四大水塊（water mass）組成。南北大西洋中央水（North and South Atlantic central waters）構成大西洋表面水。亞南極中間水（sub-Antarctic intermediate water）由表面伸延至水深1,000米。北大西洋深層水（North