实体性正当程序該在政府更有政治責任感的部門的管轄之下。 Williams, Ryan. The One and Only Substantive Due Process Clause. Yale Law Journal. 2010, 120: 408–512. SSRN 1577342 . Sandefur, Timothy
华盛顿诉德克萨斯州案(原始内容存档于2020-08-18). Cord, Robert L. Neo-Incorporation: The Burger Court and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fordham Law Review. 1975, 44 (2): 215–248